International institutions (the UN)

Question 1

Structure of UNSC

Answer 1

5 Permanent members

10 temporary members elected for 2 year terms

Question 2

Article 24.1

Answer 2

“UN has primary responsibility for maintaining internationa peace and security”

Question 3

Article 33.1

Answer 3

All states first seek resolution “by peaceful means”

Question 4

Aritcle 42

Answer 4

Gives the UN the right to use force in order to uphold international peace and security

Question 5

Traditional peacekeeping

Answer 5

• 2 states in conflict
• Mandate for the UN to intervene from SC and states in question
• Sufficient resources

Examples: Suez crisis, Kashmir (india v Pakistan)

Question 6

Iraq war 1991

Answer 6

• Unusually clear breach of international law
• UN functioned well, UNSC worked as it should to restore international peace
• Resolution 678

Question 7

Rise of Humanitarian Aid

Answer 7

• Historical roots in Helsinki Accords - intertwined success of liberalism with protection of human rights
• Multiple catastrophes for the UN:
  
  • Kosovo
  • Rwanda
• Became “Kofi’s rule” (Weiss) - much more prominent in future UN campaigns.

Question 8

Complex peacekeepign

Answer 8

• Lack of two-state disagreement (relevance of other actors)
• Lack of consent from SC and states involved –> both suffered from being underresourced
• Example cases:
  
  • Yugoslavia
  • Somalia

Question 9

Effect of Iraq war

Answer 9

• Set precedent for the decling constraints on UN peacekeeping mandate (Malone)
• Pressure applied by the USA
• “legally precarious, but not self-evidently illegal in every case”

Question 10

Nation builiding

Answer 10

Outside of the UNs mandate

• Successes:
  
  • Namibia, Cambodia, East Timor
• Failures:
  
  • Kosovo, Darfur

Question 11

Claude’s view of the UN

Answer 11

There are 2 UNs:

• 1st UN: neutral set of tools for its members to use
• 2nd UN: led by powerful states, collective, partisan, judgemental

Question 12

Reasons for enganging with the UN

Answer 12

• France and UK: cement great power status, has to take on wide range of projects in order to keep its status.
• Russia: again cement status although this time after democratic transition
• China: state what it is against
• USA; legitimisatoin

Drafts for invasion of Iraq drawn up solely within the P5

Question 13

Power of other actors

Answer 13

• USA attempt to encourage international policy creation within the G12 where has more control
• NATO action in Bosnia under no UN approval
  
  • “No greater blow to the councils standing” (Fassbender)
• USA sole power (National Security Strategy 2002 - Bush doctrine)

Question 14

Mingst and Karns view on powers of UN

Answer 14

“major and minor powers alike are committed only to stopping killing that harms their economic interests”

Question 15

Glennan view of UN SC power

Answer 15

“rise in American unipolarity, not the Iraq crisis,… that gradually eroded the council’s credibility” (Glennan)