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IR100 > international institutions > Flashcards

international institutions Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of international organisation?

A

a permanent organisation designed to perform continuous tasks for a common purpose with three or more states represented

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2
Q

what do international organisations include?

A

non governmental organisations (NGOs), and governmental organisations

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3
Q

what are features of international organisations?

A
  1. voluntary state membership
  2. objective of IOs are regulated by mandate, constitution or charter
  3. organisations often function as political actors and interact with governments
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4
Q

what are the issues international organisations address?

A

address issues such as war, terrorism, poverty, financial crisis, pandemics.
they address problems sovereign states can’t address alone such as global problems

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5
Q

what is the controversial role of international organisations?

A
  1. instruments to allow states to fulfil certain objectives
  2. bureaucratic apparatus can hinder effective international cooperation
  3. perception of their work differs and criticised for being ineffective
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6
Q

what is the realist approach to international organisations?

A

dismiss that IOs can play separate roles from its member state, they are vehicles through states fulfil their interests.
doubt inter state cooperation, anarchy prevails and no control over hegemonic power

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7
Q

what does John Mearsheimer argue about international organisations?

A

he argues that they don’t have much affect in world politics

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8
Q

what does liberal internationalism view on IOs?

A

IOs are way of establishing peace, states are utility maximising actors, they drive international cooperation among states

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9
Q

what is the principle agent model (PAM)?

A

analyses the relations between principles (state) and agent (IO)
PA is an extension of neoliberal institutionalist focus on states gaining effectiveness from international cooperation.

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10
Q

what are the limitations of PAM?

A
  1. its a complicated model
  2. increased possibility for agency slippage
  3. PA assumes that agents pursue their interests within the confines of the relationship with the principle
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11
Q

how is PAM used?

A

used to examine IOs being able to address specific problems, diverse approaches to address the problem, but member states have different interests and preferences

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12
Q

what is governance?

A

governance is non-heriarchtal steering of society, which has consultation and negotiation. involves a range of actors which attempt to solve global issues

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13
Q

how can governance be difficult?

A

actors operate on many different levels e.g local, national and supra-national

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14
Q

what is the objective of global governance?

A

cooperation of transnational actors, negotiate mutual away of addressing issues affecting several states, create order in the international system

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15
Q

what is multi-level governance?

A

multi-level governance takes place not just at state level but also in EU, the political arenas of EU are connected, interaction of different levels

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16
Q

how do supra national institutions have influence on policy?

A

supra national institutions have independent influence on policy making, some member states fear losing sovereignty from the Muti governing system e.g Brexit was result of Britain felt losing sovereignty

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17
Q

what is multilateralism?

A

‘coordination of relations among three or more states according to a set of rules or principles’ - Ikenberry
an alliance of several countries

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18
Q

what are the features of multilateralism?

A
  1. multilateralism centred around socially constructed public good
  2. generalised organising principles, opposed to discrimination and bilateralism
  3. same rules apply to all states regardless of status
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19
Q

what is the link between global governance and multilateralism?

A

three major elements in governance’ consensus, rules and membership of multiple national governments, require binding mode of interaction’

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19
Q

what is the link between global governance and multilateralism?

A

three major elements in governance’ consensus, rules and membership of multiple national governments, require binding mode of interaction’

20
Q

what are pre-requisites of multilateralism?

A
  1. states are independent
  2. extensive contact exists between states
  3. states are aware of potential problems form their coexistence
  4. states are aware od need to create institutions regulating their relations
21
Q

why is global governance a contested concept?

A

its too broad and some argue it needs to be reviewed, concept of governance needs to address
1. questions about sovereignty
2. legitimacy
3. authority in global politics

22
Q

what is an example of why global governance needs to be reviewed?

A

the Russian invasion of Crimea, referendum to join Russia, but vote was under armed guard, this was a breach of sovereignty and international law, but was hardly addressed

23
Q

how could global governance be remodelled?

A

actors should come together, the state should not be the primary actor of international politics, but all actors should seek cooperation e.g during COVID, bringing resources together

24
Q

what is international law?

A

governs relations among nations and governs between nations and IOs. at the core of international law are conventions, treaties and standards aimed at promoting economic and social development

25
Q

how is international law a core international institution?

A

it is a set of norms, rules and practices created by states and other actors to facilitate diverse social agendas. the aim of these is peace and stability, but this is easier said than done

26
Q

why would states use force rather than law to maintain peace?

A
  1. self defence against aggression
  2. collective security (article 41&42 UN charter and Article 5 NATO, when one member is attacked it is an attack on all members)
27
Q

what is an example of aggression over law?

A

Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia claimed it was to de-Nazify areas of Ukraine, breached international law, war is not always used as last resort and not always just

28
Q

what are the ‘rules’ for using war to maintain peace?

A
  1. states should always have clear justification
  2. war should be used as last resort
  3. war is not just
29
Q

what is the reason for international organisations?

A

to maintain peace

30
Q

when was the founding of the UN and what was it founded for?

A

founded 1945 with the aim of Preventing another world war.
responds to the rise of nuclear weapons and threat between USSR and USA

31
Q

how many members does the UN have?

A

founded with 51 and now has 190 members

32
Q

what are the objectives of the UN?

A

1.guardian of international peace and security
2. promoter of human rights
3. protector of human rights

33
Q

what are the reforms needed for the future of global governance?

A
  1. enhance effectiveness
  2. empower global governance
  3. aim to find solutions to global problems
34
Q

what is the UN security council responsible for?

A

maintenance of international peace and security, they can use powers to prevent conflict and enforce states compliance through sanctions

35
Q

who are the permanent members of the UNSC?

A

china, france, UK, russia and USA

36
Q

what powers do the permanent members of UNSC have?

A

they have a veto power, which they can prevent action they consider contrary to their interest.

37
Q

what is the critique of the Veto held by permanent members of UNSC?

A

the permanent members are running the world and the veto undermines UN democratic legitimacy

38
Q

what is the make up of the UNSC?

A

5 permanent members
10 temporary members, elected by general assembly for two year terms

39
Q

what is the critique of the UNSC in relation to war in Ukraine?

A

because of russia’s invasion they should not have the veto power

40
Q

what is the proposed reform of the UNSC?

A
  1. introduction of mediators to prevent conflict
  2. proposal of majority voting to counter the veto
  3. provide general assembly with adequate yet narrowly defined powers
41
Q

what are general critiques of the UN?

A
  1. lack of equal representation e.g Indian, African and latin American states are not among permanent members, western centric structure
  2. limitations of peacekeeping
  3. structurally flawed and operationally cumbersome
  4. problem for UN to solve conflicts between states without breaching sovereignty
42
Q

what is an example of the limitation of peacekeeping missions?

A

late arrival in Darfur in Sudan 2003 and genocide continued.

43
Q

what are UN millennium development goals (MDGs)?

A

time goals set by the UN in order to reduce global poverty, whilst promoting education and gender equality

44
Q

what are the 5 millennium development goals?

A
  1. halve the proportion of people whose income is less than dollar a day and halve people suffering from starvation
  2. universal primary education
  3. environmental sustainability
  4. combat HIV/AIDS malaria and other diseases
  5. develop global partnership for development
45
Q

what are the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs)?

A

successor of MDGs, SDGs will shape the world order

46
Q

what progress has been made in relation to MDGs and SDGs?

A

development of democracy, reduction in extreme poverty, scientific developments, recognition of importance of international cooperation

47
Q

what are the setbacks of the UN goals?

A
  1. uneven progress, uneven distribution, income disparities, poverty
  2. malnutrition
  3. illiteracy
  4. corruption, persistance of autocratic regimes
  5. WMDs, nuclear and chemical weapons
  6. cyber threats
48
Q

what is the purpose of global governance?

A

a field of study and analytical device used to increase capacity to think about progressive global change and formulate better global policy

IR100 (5 decks)

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