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Environmental policy > International environmental policy in reality > Flashcards

International environmental policy in reality Flashcards

1
Q

UNEP

A

United Nations Environment Programme

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2
Q

CSD

A

Commission for Sustainable Development

Give strategies to develop sustainable development

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3
Q

UNDP

A

United Nations Development Program

Support economic development especially in less developed countries

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4
Q

UNESCO

A

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Help improve school system in less developed countries

Has an influence on what they teach at school, like talking about environmental issues

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5
Q

WHO

A

World Heritage Organization

Help less developed countries to improve their health facilities or fight diseases

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6
Q

IPCC

A

International Panel on Climate Change

Worldwide scientific cooperation on climate changes brings results together, important information for national governments

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7
Q

3 kinds of international environmental treaties

A
  1. Treaties between neighbor states (ex: treaties between states bordering the Bodensee)
  2. Treaties concerning a specific continent or a specific region of the world (ex: environmental treaties in Europe)
  3. Treaties on the global level (ex: Treaty concerning the protection of the ozone layer, treaty of Kyoto 1997, treaty of Paris 2015)
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8
Q

Cooperation between neighbor states - Bodensee (lake Constance)

A

1950 : Increase phosphate in the Bodensee
1959: Foundation of the international commission for the protection of the Bodensee
1966: Agreement concerning a procedure for the settlement of conflict of interests. Special committee and arbitration committee
1967: Program for keeping the Bodensee clean from pollution

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9
Q

Cooperation between neighbor states - states bordering the Rhine

A

1945: Informal meetings between bordering states
1963: Agreement between Germany, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Switzerland for establishing “International commission for the Protection of the Rhine against contamination (IKSR)
1976: Agreements between the same countries for the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution and against chloride pollution

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10
Q

Cooperation between neighbor states bordering the Baltic Sea

A

1970 : Baltic sea is one of the most polluted water in the world
1972 : Baltic Sea excluded from 2 important international ocean protection conventions : Oslo convention and Paris convention
1974 : Creation of the Helsinki-Commission for the protection of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea
1985: Baltic Sea get declared special area in term of the MARPOL-treaty (to protect the environment of oceans)

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11
Q

Cooperation between neighbor states- states bordering the North Sea

A

1969 : Treaty for cooperation against oil pollution in the North Sea
1972: Agreement about prevention of marine pollution through the dumping of waste water materials (Oslo and London)
1974: Paris, agreement about prevention of land based marine pollution
1984 to 2002: Conferences for the protection of the North Sea in Bremen, London, The Hague, Copenhagen and Bergen

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12
Q

Example of the states bordering the Mediterranean Sea

A

1975: 1st environmental conference of the states bordering the sea in Barcelona. MAP : agreement on an “Mediterranean Action Plan” and formation of an office of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in Athens.
1976: Adoption of the convention of Barcelona “For the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution”
1985: Conference of Genoa
1989: Massive algae bloom along Adriatic Sea
1990: European community declares its support for a long-time program of the construction of purification plants

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13
Q

What are the 4 protocols for the Convention of Barcelona “For the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution”

A
  1. Protocol against dumping from ships and airplanes
  2. For pollution through oil and other harmful material due to accidents
  3. For pollution coming from the land
  4. Protocol concerning specifically protected areas
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14
Q

Development of the competences of the European Union concerning the environment

A

1971: STARTING POINT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY- European commission acknowledge
1972: First environmental conference of the UN in Stockholm
1973: First environmental action program

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15
Q

What is the treaty of Maastricht

A

1993
- Environment protection as a goal of the EU
- Incorporation of the principle of subsidiarity
- Differentiation between general and specific environment protection (Qualified majority : 55% of European union country = 65% of the population

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16
Q

What is the principle of subsidiarity

A

In the treaty of Masstricht
When a solution cannot be solved on a national level, the European union can try to solve it

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17
Q

Environmental goals (6) in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

A
  • Maintenance of the environment
  • Improvement of the quality of the environment
  • Protection of human health
  • Far-seeing and efficient use of natural resources
  • Promotion of international measures of environment protection
  • Promotion of a sustainable development
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18
Q

Principles of the common environmental policy within the EU

A
  • Precautionary principle
  • Origin principle (origin in one country, measures should start there)
  • Polluter pays principle
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19
Q

What is the cohesion fund for?

A

Instrument to finance environmental measure of the EU for poorer countries

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20
Q

What are 3 kinds of environmental measure in the EU

A
  1. Negative harmonization (different countries make measures that are in contradiction with common free market in Europe = European court of Justice can get involved and national regulation can get prohibited)
  2. Positive harmonization (specific standards of good have the same criterias in all EU)
  3. Collaborative environmental policy (EU participate in international policies)
21
Q

Give examples for positive harmonization in EU

A
  • Boundary values for gaseous emission of motocars
  • Unitary quality standards for certain harmful substances in inshore waters
  • Unitary restriction in the use of dangerous substances
  • Harmonized regulations for the classification of dangerous materials
  • Unitary product standards
22
Q

Stockholm conference

A

1972: First UN environmental conference
-Adoption of Stockholm declaration : all people in the world have a right to have appropriate living conditions in an environment, that makes a life in dignity and well-being possible

23
Q

Brundtland Commission

A

1983 : World commission for environment and development
Development that satisfies the needs of the present generations without compromising the needs of the future generations

24
Q

Conference in Rio de Janeiro

A

1992
1. The Rio-Declaration about environment and development
2. UN framework convention on climate change
3. Agreement for the protection of biological diversity
4. Forest declaration (REDD agreement)
5. The action framework Agenda 21 (every country should develop strategies for sustainable development and all groups in society should be involved in dialogues)

25
Q

Convention regarding the prevention of desertification and drought

A

1994 World Conference Population and Development in Cairo

26
Q

UN framework convention on climate

A

from 1995 in Berlin every year until 2001 in Marrakech

27
Q

Convention regarding the prevention of desertification and drought + targets (6)

A

1994 World Conference Population and Development in Cairo
1. Elimination of poverty
2. Reduction of mortality of children and mothers
3. Protection and support of families
4. Sustainable economic growth
5. Better education
6. To enable access to services of reproductive health including family planning (don’t have the reality in mind= in poorer countries, people want children to take care of them when they are older, in richer countries governments have created social security systems, so people don’t depend on their children)

28
Q

Main topics of the Conference regarding the protection of biodiversity Bratislava 1998

A
  1. Sustainable tourism
  2. Biological diversity in inland waters (scientific workforce)
  3. Access to genetic resources (workforce should find out how traditional knowledge of local communities can be protected in a way that they get an appropriate share of the profits generated by using natural and genetic resources)

See part V p. 37 for more information

29
Q

Discovery of the ozone hole above the Antarctic

A

1984

30
Q

Vienna convention

A

1985 signing of general agreement

31
Q

Protocol of Montreal

A

1987 agreement to reduce the emission of fluor chlorinated hydrocarbon (CFC) in the industrial countries by 50% compared to 1986

32
Q

Conference of Helsinki

A

1989 decision to prohibit the CFC step by step completely

33
Q

Conference of London

A

1990 inclusion of developing countries into the ozone regime based on an ozone fund

34
Q

What are the goals of the UN framework convention on climate change

A

1992
- Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere on a level that prevents a disturbance of the climate system

35
Q

Climate conference in Kyoto

A

1997
- Obligation for industrial countries to reduce their greenhouse gas by 5,2%
- EU, Switzerland -8%
- Canada, Japan - 6%
- Norway + 1%
- Australia + 8%
- Island + 1%

36
Q

Kyoto-mechanisms

A
  1. Tradable emission rights
  2. Common execution of projects to protect the climate
  3. Crediting of carbon dips
37
Q

Buenos Ares conference

A

1998
3 groups of countries were leading the discussion
1. Europe : have as much reduction as possible
2. Umbrella group (USA, Canada, Australia and Japan)
3. G77 (Developing countries on the side of EU

No final decision found

38
Q

Conference of Marrakech

A

2001
- Control of compliance and sanctions for the case of non-compliance
- Trading of emission rights and Joint Implementation
- Promotion of climate protection projects in developing countries
- Crediting of carbon dips

Compliance committee: 10 members from around the world that give sanctions to countries who don’t respect the agreement

39
Q

Was the Kyoto-Protocol as success or an echec?

A

It was a success because overall there was a 11% reduction

39
Q

Conference in Rio de Janeiro

A

1992
1. The Rio-Declaration about environment and development
2. UN framework convention on climate change
3. Agreement for the protection of biological diversity
4. Forest declaration (REDD agreement)
5. The action framework Agenda 21 (every country should develop strategies for sustainable development and all groups in society should be involved in dialogues)

39
Q

What were the preconditions for the participation in the flexible mechanisms on the basis of the decisions of Marrakech

A
  1. Ratification of the Kyoto-Protocol
  2. Correct reporting about greenhouse gas emissions and about existing carbon dips
  3. The respective state fulfills his obligations according to the Kyoto-protocol and if the greenhouse gas emissions are too high he equalizes the emissions within a 100 days
39
Q

Marrakesh 2001

A
  1. Every year a documentation of the greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon dips
  2. Expert review teams
  3. Enforcement branch (10 experts from all around the world)
  4. Compliance committee
  5. Sanction : 100 days for postponed fulfillment, multiplication by 1.3, exclusion from the flexible mechanisms (country can’t sell emission rights) and Action plan
  6. Only up to 10% of the emissions right could be sold
  7. Common execution of project to protect the climate : Join implementation (JI) and Clean development mechanism (CDM)
  8. Russia want to go from 17 mega tons to 33 mega tons. They accept because USA had already left and if Russia was leaving, the percentage of country would not be enough
40
Q

What the goal of the United Nations framework on climate change?

A

To stabilize the greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere on a level that prevents a dangerous anthropogenic disturbance of the climate system. The level should be reached within a space of time that is sufficient that the ecological systems can adjust themselves to the climate change in a natural way, the production of food is not endangered and the economic development can be continued in a sustainable way

41
Q

What are the expected consequences of a global warming of more than 2C (7)

A
  1. Worldwide losses in the production of food
  2. Increase of people in danger of lack of water
  3. Changes in the worldwide circulation of oceans
  4. Melting of great ice shields
  5. Sudden discharge of huge quantities of methane in the oceans and in Siberia
  6. Increase of the sea level
  7. Damage in human health because of higher temperatures
42
Q

What are the instruments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (5)

A
  1. More energy saving
  2. increase of energy efficiency
  3. Structural change in the use of energy (renewable energy)
  4. Geological storage of carbon dioxide
  5. Use of carbon dioxide as a raw material
43
Q

Suggestion from scientists to improve regulations of Kyoto-protocol

A
  • Determining the remaining quantity of greenhouse gas emissions possible in the view of the 2c goal + establishing a timetable
  • Worldwide distribution of this remaining quantity of greenhouse, equal emission rights per capita of the world population
  • Increase of reduce emission rights of the countries according to the balance of their positive or negative effects of carbon dips
  • Worldwide trade emission rights under world climate bank
  • World climate bank releases the receipts of the trade with emission rights if they are use for projects that are good for the ecological and economic development of countries
  • World climate bank should have the task to stabilize the price of emission rights by selling and buying emission rights to create a better calculation basis for those who invest in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
44
Q

What are the main decisions of the climate conference in Paris (7)

A

2015
1. Limit global warming to 2 C (best if 1,5 C). Net-emissions of greenhouse gases reduced to 0 in 2050
2. All countries should submit every 5 years a plan explaining how they will reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Industrial country present fixed data
3. All states must report annually about their results in reducing greenhouse gas emissions
4. 2018 : first time calculation regarding the chance to limit global warming to 2 C, such calculation is made again every five years
5. Rich countries should provide money for poorer countries to finance investments in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and climate fund
6. Industrial country should provide technical assistance for less developed countries
7. Insurances should be established to cover costs of damages caused by climate change

45
Q

What are the problems of the international cooperation based on the Conference of Paris (3)?

A
  1. Trump (USA) leaves the agreement = negative signal for other countries because USA second largest emitter of greenhouse gases after China
  2. States who have signed the agreement have to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The extend they are doing this are there own decisions. No sanctions declared = voluntary cooperation
  3. Financing of the climate fund not clear

Environmental policy (3 decks)

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