International cooperation Flashcards
What are the roles international institutions preform in promoting cooperation?
- Forum for discussion and negotiation. (Keohane, 1984)
- Sense of community and shared identity. (Adler and Haas, 1992)
- Transfer of knowledge and technology. (Baldwin, 1993)
- Institutionalist theory > role of international institutions in shaping the behaviour and expectations of member states > cooperation. (Keohane and Martin, 1995)
How can IOs provide a forum for discussion and negotiation?
(Keohane, 1984)
The UN, the WTO, IMF > platform for countries to come together > 1) discuss their differences, 2) negotiate mutually beneficial agreements, and 3) resolve conflicts peacefully.
How can IOs provide a sense of community and shared identity?
(Adler and Haas, 1992)
IOs can foster a sense of shared identity and community among member states > increase cooperation.
- i.e EU promotes cooperation among its member states > 1) creation of a common market, 2) shared institutions, and 3) a sense of shared identity as “Europeans.”
How can IOs facilitate the transfer of knowledge and technology?
(Baldwin, 1993)
IOs ^ facilitate the transfer of knowledge and technology among member states, > increased cooperation.
- i.e WHO helps member states share information and resources to combat diseases and improve public health outcomes. (Johnson, 2020)
How can IOs facilitate cooperation according to institutionalist theory?
(Keohane and Martin, 1995)
Institutionalist theory > the role of international institutions in shaping the behaviour and expectations of member states > facilitate cooperation.
How can international institutions fail in their roles to promote cooperation
- Ineffective at enforcing agreements. (Moravcsik, 1998)
- Unequal representation of the interests of all member states. (Krasner, 1983)
- Not able to address important global challenges. (Mearsheimer, 2001)
- Realist perspectives > sceptical of the ability of IOs to promote cooperation. (Mearsheimer, 1995)
How might IOs be ineffective at enforcing agreements
(Moravcsik, 1998)
unable to effectively enforce agreements & commitments made by member states > relies on voluntary compliance
How might IOs not adequately represent the interests of all member states
(Krasner, 1983)
IOs > dominated by few powerful member states > lack of representation and cooperation from smaller or weaker states.
How might IOs not be able to address important global challenges
(Mearsheimer, 2001)
IOs > unable to address complex global challenges, such as climate change or terrorism, due to the lack of cooperation among member states.
Why are realists sceptical of the ability of IOs in promoting cooperation?
(Cooperation)
(Mearsheimer, 1995)
Realist perspectives > role of power and self-interest > shaping the behaviour of states > scepticism of the ability of IOs to facilitate cooperation.
Theories: Instituitonalism
(Cooperation)
(Keohane and Nye, 1977) or (Keohane and Martin 1995)
cooperation and promote international commerce > 1) communication, 2) coordination, 3) negotiation.
I.e > WTO > help to 1) reduce barriers to trade and 2) promote economic integration.
Theories: Realism
(Institutions)
o Realism (Morgenthau, 1994)
1) institutions are less important in shaping international relations
2) states > motivated by own self-interest.
3) states cooperate > for their own interests
4) institutions unable to overcome this inherent conflict of interest.
Theories: Constructivism
o Constructivism (Wendt, 1992)
1) institutions not neutral actors > shaped by the beliefs, values of the actors involved.
2) cooperation > not determined by material interests > also by shared values that shape the actions of states.
Theories: Globalisation
o Globalization (Ohmae, 1995)
WTO and (IMF) > increasing interconnectedness > reduction in barriers to trade and investment,
- However > globalization > led to widening gap between rich and poor countries + contributed to social and environmental problems.
