INTERNAL REGULATION Flashcards
The process of maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Homeostasis
The body’s adaptive response to anticipate needs and maintain stability through change.
Allostasis
Processes that reduce discrepancies from a set point (e.g., temperature regulation).
Negative Feedback
The optimal value or range for a physiological parameter (e.g., calcium levels).
Set Point
Maintaining a stable internal body temperature.
Thermoregulation
Cold-blooded organisms whose body temperature matches the environment.
Poikilothermic
Energy used to maintain body temperature at rest.
Basal Metabolism
Warm-blooded organisms that use physiological mechanisms to maintain constant body temperature.
Homeothermic
Brain region that regulates body temperature.
Preoptic Area/Anterior Hypothalamus (POA/AH)
Chemicals that signal the hypothalamus to increase body temperature.
Prostaglandins and Histamine
Hindbrain area controlling physiological changes like shivering and sweating.
Raphe Nucleus
Hormone that reduces water loss by concentrating urine.
Vasopressin (ADH)
Triggered by high solute concentrations (e.g., eating salty food).
Osmotic Thirst
Movement of water from low to high solute concentrations to balance solute levels.
Osmotic Pressure
Triggered by low blood volume due to fluid loss (e.g., sweating).
Hypovolemic Thirst
Hormone that increases sodium retention.
Aldosterone
Hormone that helps restore blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.
Angiotensin II
Brain area integrating hunger and satiety signals.
Hypothalamus (Arcuate Nucleus)
Neurotransmitter that increases appetite and triggers stomach contractions.
Ghrelin
Neurons sensitive to signals indicating fullness.
Satiety Signals
Stimulates satiety neurons to suppress appetite.
Nicotine
Area in the hypothalamus involved in regulating satiety.
Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)
Adjustments to sodium levels based on body needs.
Allostatic Response
Changes in taste perception influenced by sodium levels.
Taste Receptor Adaptation
