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BCS Unit 3 > Internal Regulation > Flashcards

Internal Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What three factors are important for the chemical reactions necessary for life?

A

Temperature
Concentration of solutes
Energy

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The biological process to keep variables of the body in a fixed range

Sensory transduction and signaling changes outside of the optimal range

Integrated response to restore to optimal range (negative feedback)

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3
Q

Set point

A

A body variable that requires a narrow range to maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

Hypothalamus plays a role in regulating what?

A

temperature
fluid balance
energy reserves

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5
Q

visceromotor hypothalamic response

A

fast physiological adjusting the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs of the ANS

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6
Q

humoral hypothalamic response

A

slow hormone release

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7
Q

behavioral hypothalamic response

A

motivating appropriate behaviors

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8
Q

What nucleus initiate the autonomic and endocrine responses?

A

paraventricular

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9
Q

What part of the PVN controls the ANS?

A

Doral and ventral PVN cells

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10
Q

What part of the PVN releases hormones that affect the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

medial parvocelluar cells

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11
Q

What part of the PVN releases hormones directly from the posterior pituitary?

A

Magnocellular cells

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12
Q

What motivates the somatic motor response?

A

lateral hypothalamus

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13
Q

What are the two main output neurons of the lateral hypothalamus and where do they go?

A

orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone

both cell types project widely and can go to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (where motor plans are formed)

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14
Q

Two types of ANS and function

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight

Parasympathetic: rest and digest

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15
Q

What regulates the endocrine glands?

A

via the pituitary, the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Anterior pituitary function

A

secretes and synthesizes hormones based on the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

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17
Q

posterior pituitary function

A

stores and secretes but does not synthesize hormones

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18
Q

Autonomic temperature responses

A

Sweat
+/- blood flow to the skin

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19
Q

Endocrine tempertature response

A

+/- metabolism

20
Q

Which nuclei of the hypothalamus control temperature?

A

medial pre optic and anterior nuclei

21
Q

Which nucleus manages the autonomic and endocrine temperature responses?

A

paraventricular nuclei

22
Q

Where are temperature behavioral responses initiated?

A

lateral hypothalamus

23
Q

Where is shivering initiated?

A

dorsomedial nucleus

24
Q

Osmotic thirst

A

Increased concentrations of solutes

25
Q

Hypovolemic thirst

A

Decreased fluid volume

26
Q

How does salt affect hydration?

A

Sodium flusges the area outside the cell, drawing water out of the cell, and the cells shrink.

27
Q

What parts detect water loss?

A

organum vasulosum and subfornical organ

28
Q

What do osmoreceptors activate?

A

Endocrine: paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei (conserve water)

Lateral hypothalamic area (desire to drink)

29
Q

What controls blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors in the walls of blood vessels
Excited by stretch and inhibited by relaxation

30
Q

How does low blood pressure make you thirsty?

A

Hypovelimia = less baroreceptor activity
Stimulates the medulla to activate various nuclei of the hypothalamus

31
Q

Glucose is stored where as glycogen

A

Liver and skeletal muscles

32
Q

Glucose is stored where as triglycerides

A

Fat

33
Q

Lipostatic hypothesis

A

The brain monitors the amount of fat of fights against changes in these levels

34
Q

What chemical does fat release to communicate to the brain?

A

Leptin

35
Q

Which hormone stimulates hunger from the stomach?

A

Gherlin

36
Q

Which nerve manages satiety?

A

Digestion

37
Q

Which hormone manages satiety in the intestines?

A

cholecystokinin

38
Q

Which hormones manages hunger/satiety in the blood?

A

Insulin

39
Q

Lateral hypothalamic system

A

lesions cause severely reduced appetite and reduced fat stores

40
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome

A

lesions in the arcuate nucleus cause severe overeating and weight gain

41
Q

Energy needs are sensed by what nucleus

A

arcuate

42
Q

Which nuclei effect energy?

A

Paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic

43
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway for dopamine

A

substantia nigra to the stratum for motor selection

44
Q

mesocorticolimbic pathway for dopamine

A

ventral tegmental area to cortex and limbic sites for reward and addiction

45
Q

Why can you crave and not be hungry?

A

the ventral segmental area is affected by lateral hypothalamic area (hunger signals) and dorsal prefrontal cortex (positive outcomes) and can talk back and forth with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex – can incite feeding behavior without hunger

46
Q

Which amino acid is needed for serotonin?

A

tryptophan, which vary with the amount of carbs in our diet

BCS Unit 3 (5 decks)

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