Internal Plant Notes Flashcards
What are the parts of a root?
Xylem, phloem, cambium epidermis and endodermis.
What are the parts of a stem?
Xylem, Phloem, cambium, epidermis
WHat are the parts of a leaf?
Xylem, phloem, epidermis, lamina, stomata, palisade and spongy mesophyll
Define lignin
Complex organic polymer deposited in the cell wall, making them rigid and woody. Found only in woody plants.
Define epidermis
protects plant from losing water
Keeps out pest/disease
Sometimes secretes waxy cuticle
BARK replaces epidermis in trees
What is a meristem
Area of active cell division.
Lack vacuoles.
Apical and lateral
Intercalary (base of node)
meristems
What is a differentiated cell?
Cells start the same. As they grow and mature characteristics slowly change and become components of other tissues.
Become permanent tissues.
What are the permanent tissues?
Parenchyma: Only cell alive in Xylem.
unspecialized cells w/in cell walls.
Chlorenchyma
Provides support to plants and store food.
Sometimes contains chlorophyll and performs photo.
Aerenchyma
Aquatic plants.
Lg air cavities in parenchyma to provide buoyancy.
Collenchyma
Provides flexibility in plants.
Very little cellular space.
Sclerenchyma
Cells are dead.
Long and narrow as walls are thickened due to lignin.
What is complex permanent tissue?
a collection of different types of cells working together as a unit and performing a certain function.
Xylem and phloem are the two different types of complex permanent tissues.
What is xylem?
narrow elongated cell which has no end walls.
Allows water and dissolved nutrients to flow UP thru tubes via capillary action.
Strenghthened by lignin
Driving force is transpiration.
What is phloem
transports products of photosynthesis such as glucose up and down plant.
Explain the vascular system of a plant
comprised of two main types of tissue: the xylem and the phloem. The xylem distributes water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots.
What is the cambium?
a cellular plant tissue from which phloem, xylem, or cork grows by division, resulting (in woody plants) in secondary thickening.
Where is xylem tissue found?
Middle of vascular bundle
Where is phloem found?
Outer side of bundle.
Xylem characteristics?
Eudicot plant tissues in root
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Phloem
Xylem (star shaped)
Monocot plant tissues in root
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericyle
Vascular bundle
PITH
What is the endodermis
innermost protective layer of the cortex which regulates the passage of water and dissolved substances in to the core of the root.
Dicot stem quiz
Dicot Root Quiz
Monocot stem quiz
Key plant tissues in stem
Leaf cross section
Monocot Root
Describer THREE characteristics for TWO named transport tissues to be found in plant stems.
XYLEM:
a. The xylem is a tubular structure (tracheid) which allows free transport of water and nutrients from the roots and soil vertically through the plant via the stem. The xylem provides the rigidity for the growth of the plant stem.
b. In a monocot, the vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) are scattered, cross sectionally preventing the plant from growing horizontally. Whereas the vascular bundles in a eudicot are circular allowing the plant to grow horizontally. As this horizontal growth happens, the outer xylem dies providing the strength and rigidity for the structure of the plant.
c. Water from the xylem passes out of the plant via the stomata as water vapor at the bottom of leaves which is known as transpiration.
PHLOEM:
a. The phloem is an active transport system that moves products of photosynthesis such as glucose and nutrients made in the leaves (and sometimes stem) to all areas throughout the plant.
b. The phloem can move nutrients throughout the plant, up and down, unlike the xylem, which can only move upward.
c. Phloem cells are active, to develop flower buds, organs, fruit or seed.
d. Phloem has companion cells that work together to provide nutrients to the different areas of the plant, whereas the xylem has narrow elongated cells with no end walls
that passively allow water and nutrients through.
What is cambium? Name one place it may be found in a plant.
The cambium is a layer of meristematic (active growth) cells that can be found between the xylem and phloem vascular (transport) tissues. The cambium is the tissue that is responsible for the increase in stem and root diameter of eudicots.
What role do the two types of vascular tissue play in the life of a plant?
The xylem and phloem are vascular tissues that provide nutrients, minerals, and water to the plant. They work together to support the life of the plant. The xylem moves water and nutrients from the soil and roots vertically through the stem and leaves to provide the needed nutrients for photosynthesis and transpiration. The phloem actively uses the nutrients and glucose from the photosynthesis process to produce new leaves, stems, buds, seeds and roots. Xylem only works vertically, but phloem moves throughout the plant to provide nutrients and actively promote the growth. Without both processes, the plant would not survive.
Why does a knowledge of where cambium is in a plant help us to plan propagation?
It is important to know the location of the cambium in a plant to help us plan propagation. Cambium has active growth and regenerating cells, so if it is not there, that part of the plant cannot grow any further. Its crucial to know that monocotyledon plants do not have cambium in their stems, so you can’t take a cutting of the stem for propagation. However, most eudicotyledon stems do have cambium, so if you know the right point, you can take a cutting and the cambium in that part can be prompted to generate new cells, usually by putting in a damp growing medium, to generate new roots cells.
Describe the characteristics of xylem.
Narrow, elongated cells, which have no end walls to the cells, allowing unimpeded flow of water and mineral nutrients up the plant. These cells form vessels. Xylem cells are lignified, and so also add strength to the cell wall. In trees, xylem tissue makes up the majority of the wood within the trunk.
How is the xylem arranged?
Arrangement: You should be able to identify xylem in the stem, leaf and root. Learners should be able to identify the components of vascular
bundles and know how these differ in eudicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.
What is the function of xylem?
The transport of water and nutrients (essential elements) from the root to the leaf in one direction only.
What is the horticultural importance of xylem?
Xylem carries water up the plant stem. It is of
vital importance to many plant functions. Mechanical damage and wilt diseases that impact on the xylem result in reduced water and mineral
movement in the plant, which induce stress, limit growth and can lead to die back.
What are the characteristics of cambium?
Cambium cells are capable of cell division. These cells can differentiate into other cell types. Cambium cells occur in locations other than the apical meristems.
What is the arrangement of cambium?
You should be able to identify cambium in the stem, leaf and root. Learners should be able to identify the components of vascular bundles and know how these differ in eudicotyledonous and
monocotyledonous plants.
What is the function of cambium?
The meristematic importance of cambium to give rise to secondary growth, forming wood and increasing girth in stems, true and adventitious roots, leaves, buds, stems and flowers.
What is the horticultural importance of cambium?
Horticulturists make use of cambium cells when
taking cuttings, grafting, budding, and wound healing after pruning.
Which material could be used to raise the pH of a soil?
lime
What material could be used to reduce ph of soil?
elemental sulfur, aluminum sulfate, and iron sulfate, or natural soil acidifiers (peat moss, rotted manure, or compost).
what is the advantage of weeds in a vegetable plot
ground cover/cover crops
difference between victimization and harassment
Victimisation occurs when someone is disadvantaged or punished because they have complained (or intend to complain) about discrimination or harassment in the workplace, or because they helped someone who has been discriminated against.
Does adding compost to soil improve texture or structure?
STRUCTURE
What is an organic bulk constituent of growing media?
COIR
What are some inorganic bulk media
Perlite
pumice
vermiculture
sand
rockwool
Define rootball
Roots and accompanying soil is removed from a container or lifted from the ground.
what are the advantages of buying rootballed plants?
Cheaper than container grown.
More reliable.
Less likely to suffer root shock.
Establish faster than bare root.
Define physical control of weeds
manually removing weeds either by hand, or using tools or machinery.
What are two cultural methods of weed control?
Crop rotation.
Cover crops
What are three beneficial insects?
pollinators (bees)
predators (lady beetles)
Parasites (parasitic wasps)
2 annual weeds
Urtica urens
Stellaria media
2 perennial weeds
Taraxacum officinale
Urtica dioica
Calystegia sepium
advantages of weeds in sustainable gardens
pollinators
protect soil from erosion
repel pests
increase moisture
living mulch
How do weeds positively influence the estab. of new plants?
Nutrients (N fixing) Vicia
Encourage microorganisms in soil.
Retain moisture in soil.
Create drainage
Diff between soil structure and texture?
Soil texture is the % of sand, silt and clay particles in the soil. Soil structure is the way the sand , silt and clay combine together.
The texture of a soil determines soil water-holding capacity, permeability, and soil workability. Sand, silt, clay, and organic matter particles in a soil combine with one another to form larger particles. Soil structure is the arrangement of the soil particles into aggregates of various sizes and shapes.
