Internal organs (Splanchnology)- Digestive system

Question 1

Definition of splanchnology

Answer 1

Studying the viscera

Question 2

Definition of viscera

Answer 2

The organs which facilitate metabolism and maintain the life of species

Question 3

Branches of anatomy

Answer 3

-Osteology; Study of bones
-Arthrology; Study of bone connections
-Myology; Study of muscles
-Splanchnology; Study of viscera
-Angiology; Study of blood vessels
-Neurology; Study of the nervous system

Question 4

What are the 5 systems that the viscera of the human body form

Answer 4

-Respiratory
-Urinary
-Genital systems
-Alimentary system
-Endocrine glands

Question 5

Peculiarities of the viscera

Answer 5

1) Viscera have openings for communication to the outside
2) Viscera are directly involved in the metabolism
3) Most viscera are located in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 6

2 types of viscera depending on their structure

Answer 6

-Hollow (tubular) organs
-Parenchymal (solid) organs

Question 7

What are hollow organs

Answer 7

-Tube-like entities and contain cavities (lumen) within the stomach, intestines
-Their wall is made up of 3/4 layers of tissue

Question 8

The 4 layers of the wall of the digestive tract

Answer 8

-Tunica mucosa
-Tela submucosa
-Tunica muscularis
-Tunica adventitia or Tunica serosa

Question 9

-Mucous membrane
-Lamina epithelialis
-Lamina propria
-Lamina muscularis
-Tela submucosa

Answer 9

-Mucous membrane; tunica mucosa
-Lamina epithelialis; lining epithelium
-Lamina propria; loose connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve elements, glands, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (folliculi lymphatici solitarii and aggregati
-Lamina muscularis; mucosae or membrane elastica
-Tela submucosa; loose connective tissue, blood lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus, glands

Question 10

Muscular sheath; tunica muscilaris

Answer 10

-Stratum circulare; stratum longitudinale- for digestive system
-Stratum longitudinale, stratum circulare; in the urethra
-Stratum londitudinale, stratum circulare, stratum longitudinale; in the vas deferens
-In the sac-like organs, the regular arrangement of the musculature is disturbed
-Formation of sphincters

Question 11

Outer sheath; tunica serosa or tunica adventitia

Answer 11

-Tunica serosa (serous membranes); mesothelium, fibrous connective tissue, tela subserosa. Thin slippery membrane lines body cavities, parietal layer lines walls of cavities- visceral layer covers viscera within the cavities. Serous fluid reduces friction.

-Tunica adventitia; fibrous connective tissue

Question 12

Parenchymal organs

Answer 12

-Solid organs (liver, kidney, lungs), which are coated with a thin fibrous capsule.
-The main structural units are formed by epithelial tissue (parenchyma), connective tissue (stroma), specific vascular formations, nerve elements

Question 13

Functions, structural parts and outer sheath of parenchyma organs

Answer 13

-Functions; production of secretions, release of waste matter from blood, gas exchange, formation of germ cells
-Structural parts; lobules, segments, lobes
-Outer sheath; tunica serosa, tunica adventitia

Question 14

Digestive system

Answer 14

-Digestive tract; oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
-Accessory glands; salivary glands, liver, pancreas

Question 15

Functions of digestive system

Answer 15

-Digestion;
Mechanical processing of food, chemical degradation with the participation of enzymes
-Moving a food morsel
-Resorption of chemical substances
-Evacuation of unabsorbed waste mass

Question 16

Structure of the wall of the digestive canal

Answer 16

-Tunica mucosa;
>lamina epithelialis- stratified squamous epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, goblet mucus cells
>lamina propria- glands of the stomach, Lieberkun’s glands (intestine)
>tela submucosa- Bruner’s glands (duodenum)

-Tunica muscularis;
>stratum circulare- sphincters
>stratum longitudinale

-Tunica serosa, tunica adventitia

Question 17

Blood and lymphatic plexuses

Answer 17

-Nerve fibers
>efferent; sympathetic, parasympathetic
>sensory; refelexes

-Nerve plexuses
>plexus submucosus
>plexus myentericus

Question 18

Embryonic development of the digestive system

Answer 18

-Primary gut; foregut, midgut and hindgut

-Oral pit (primary oral cavity); membrana buccopharyngeal- primary intestinal tube- membrane cloacalis- anal pit

-Cloaca; it is separated by mesodermal septum into sinus urogenitalis c membranea urogenitalis and the posterior intestinal tube with the membrana analis

Question 19

Pharyngeal arches

Answer 19

They consist of;
-Mesenchyme from the paraxial and lateral mesoderm
>cells of the neural crest- bones
>muscles, arteries, cranial nerves

Question 20

First pharyngeal arch

Answer 20

-Maxillary process; maxilla, os zygomatucum, os parietale
-Mandibular process; malleus, incus, lig. mallei anterius, lig. sphenomandibulare
-Mastictatory muscles, venter anterior of m.digastricus, m. mylohyoideus, m.tensor veli palatini, m.tensor tympani

Question 21

Second pharyngeal arch

Answer 21

-Forms stapes, proc. styloideus, lig. stylohyoideum, os hyoideum- cornu minus
-Facial muscles; venter posterior m. digastricus, m. stylohyoideus, m. stapedius
-n. facialis
-a.stapedia - ramus suprahyoideus

Question 22

Third pharyngeal arch

Answer 22

-Os hyoideum; cornu majus
-n. glossopharyngeus
-a. carotis interna

Question 23

Fourth pharyngeal arch

Answer 23

-mm. constrictors pharynges, m.levator veli palatini, m.cricothyroideus
-n. laryngeus superior
-arcus aortae, a. subclavia dextra

Question 24

Sixth pharyngeal arch

Answer 24

-Laryngeal cartilages and muscles
-n. laryngeus inferior
-ductus arteriosus, truncus pulmonalis.

Question 25

Pharyngeal clefts (grooves)

Answer 25

First pharyngeal cleft
>meatus acusticus externus, membrana tympani

The second, third and fourth pharyngeal clefts fuse to form sinus cervicalis
-Lateral cervical cysts and fistulas

Question 26

Pharyngeal pouches

Answer 26

> 1st pharyngeal pouch; cavitas tympani, membrana tympani, tuba auditiva

> 2nd pharyngeal pouch; tonsilla palatine, fossa supratonsillaris

> 3rd pharyngeal pouch; thymus, glandulae parathyroideae inferior

4th pharyngeal pouch; glandulae parathyroideae superior

5th pharyngeal pouch; the ultimobranchial bodies, the parafollicular cells of the glandula thyroidea

Question 27

Primary gut

Answer 27

-Foregut; back part of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pars superior and pars descendens duodeni, liver (3rd week), pancreas, papilla duodeni major, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus

-Midgut; small intestine, large intestine to the middle of the colon transversum

-Hindgut; large intestine after the middle of the colon transversum