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Cardiovascular system (Internal organs) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Angiology?

A

The part of anatomy that studies the circulatory system

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2
Q

Parts of the circulatory system

A

-Cardiovascular System
-Lymphatic System

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3
Q

Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic System roles

A

Distributes the blood
Distributes lymph

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4
Q

Cardiovascular meaning

A

Central organ = heart
Vascular system= arteries, capillaries, veins

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5
Q

The role of the circulatory system

A

-The transport system of the body
-The system supplies nutrients to and removes waste products from various tissues of the body
-The conveying media is liquid in the form of blood and lymph which flow in a closed tubular system.

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6
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

-Transports nutrients and hormones
-Removes waste products
-Gas exchange
-Immunity
-Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

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7
Q

What is the heart

A

-Chambered muscular organ
-Pumps blood throughout the body
-Receives deoxygenated blood through veins
-Pumps oxygenated blood through arteries

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8
Q

Functions of the heart

A

-Generating blood pressure
-Routing blood; heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations
-Ensures one-way blood flow through the use of valves
-Regulating blood supply; changes in contraction rate and force, match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

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9
Q

Heart topography (location)

A

-In the middle mediastinum, behind the breast bone, sternum, between the lungs above the diaphragm
-It is located about 2/3 to the left and 1/2 to the right of the median plane

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10
Q

Heart (External Morphology)

A

-A base
-An apex
-Four surfaces; sternocostal, diaphragmatic, left pulmonary, right pulmonary
-Basis and Apex cordis
-Facies sternocostalis
-Facies diaphragmatica
-Facies pulmonalis dextra
-Facies pulmonalis sinistra
-Left (arterial) half
-Right (venous) half

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10
Q

Heart topography (borders)

A

-Upper border= 3rd rib (upper edge)
-Right border = 1.5cm away and parallel to the right edge of the sternum to the cartilage of the V rib
-Lower border = from the cartilage of the V right rib to the V left intercostal space (up to the apex cordis; this is found in the intercostal space 7cm away from the sternum)
-Left border= from Apex cordis to 3rd rib

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11
Q

External morphology of the heart (functional compartments)

A

-Right side of the heart (right atrium and ventricle) receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for gas exchange
-Left side of the heart (left atrium and ventricle) receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the aorta for distribution to the body

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12
Q

Heart external morphology (Grooves)

A

-Sulcus interventricularis (anterior)
-Sulcus interventricularis (posterior)
-Sulcus coronarius

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13
Q

Heart (Internal Morphology)

A

-Septum cordis; interatrial septum, interventricular septum
-Atrioventricular septa

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14
Q

What is the interatrial septum?

A

A solid muscular wall that separates the right and left atria

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15
Q

What is the septal wall?

A

-It is found in the right atrium
-Marked by a small oval-shaped depression called the fossa ovalis

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16
Q

What is the fosa ovalis

A

-Remnant of the foramen ovale in the fetal heart
-This allows right-to-left shunting of blood to bypass the lungs
-Closes once the newborn takes its 1st breath

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17
Q

Right atrium

A

-Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
-Crista terminalis separates; sinus venarum (openings of superior and inferior vena cava) and atrium proper

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18
Q

Coronary sinus

A

-Flows into the right atrium
-Collects blood from the heart wall; vena cordis magna, vena cordis parva, vena cordis media, vena ventriculi sinistri posterior, vena obliqua atrii sinistri, venae cordis anteriores, venae cordis minimae

19
Q

3 types of cardiac vein

A

The great, middle and small cardiac veins all drain directly into the right atrium

19
Q

Right ventricle function

A

-Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, and pumps it through the pulmonary orifice (guarded by the pulmonary valve), into the pulmonary artery.

19
Q

Inflow portion (right ventricle)

A

By contracting, the papillary muscles “pull” on the chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse of the valve leaflets during ventricular systole

19
Q

Outflow portion (right ventricle)

A

-The outflow portion (leading to the pulmonary artery) is located in the superior aspect of the ventricle.
-Derived from the embryonic bulbus cordis
-No trabeculae carneae
-Pulmonary semilunar valve with 3 cusps

20
Q

Left atrium function

A

-Receives oxygenated blood from the 4 pulmonary veins, and pumps it through the left atrioventricular orifice (guarded by the mitral valve) into the left ventricle
-Interior surface can be divided into 2 parts (inflow and outflow portion)

21
Inflow portion (left atrium)
-Receives blood from the pulmonary veins. -Its internal surface is smooth and it is derived from the pulmonary veins themselves
22
Outflow portion (left atrium)
-Located anteriorly -Lined by pectinate muscles, and is derived from the embryonic atrium
23
Left ventricle
-Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, and pumps it through the aortic orifice (guarded by the aortic valve) into the aorta.
24
Inflow portion (left ventricle)
-Trabeculae carneae -Two (anterior and posterior) papillary muscles
25
Outflow portion
-Is a derivative of the embryonic bulbus cordis -No trabeculae carneae -Mitral (bicuspid) valve with anterior and posterior cusps -Aorta semilunar valve with 3 cusps
26
Types of circuits in the cardiovascular system
-Pulmonary circuit; provides blood flow between the heart and lungs -Systemic circuit; allows blood to flow to and from the rest of the body -Coronary circuit; provides blood to the heart
27
Pulmonary circuit
-Transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where blood picks up a new blood supply -Then it returns the oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium
28
Blood flow in the pulmonary circuit
Superior and inferior vena cava (with deoxygenated blood)=> Right atrium=> Right ventricle=> Pulmonary trunk=> Right and left pulmonary artery=> Capillaries of each lung (oxygenation of the blood)=> Pulmonary veins=> Left atrium
29
Systemic circuit
-Provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues. -Carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products -Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. -From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart
30
Blood flow in the systemic circuit
Left atrium=> Left ventricle=> Aorta and all of its branches=> Capillaries=> Veins=> Superior and inferior vena cava
31
Coronary arteries
-Heart is supplied by the right and left coronary arteries -The right coronary arteries supply the right atrium, right ventricle, interventricular septum, sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes -The left coronary arteries supply most of the left ventricle, atrium and interventricular septum
32
Veins that drain directly into the right atrium
The great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein and the small cardiac vein
33
Microscopic structure of the heart
The heart wall contains 3 layers; -The inner= endocardium -The middle= myocardium -The outer= epicardium
34
Endocardium
-Layer of endothelial cells -Base membrane -Stratumsubendoteliale, connective tissue layer -Stratum myoelasticum -Tela subendocardialis
35
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle tissue
36
Epicardium
-Mesothelium, basement membrane, loose connective tissue -Subepicardium -Loose connective and adipose tissue with blood vessels and nerves
37
Atrioventricular valve
-The valve is composed of collagen, proteoglycans and elastic fibres -Both surfaces are covered by endothelium
38
Pericardium
-A double-walled fibro serous sac that encloses the heart and its great vessels -External sac; fibrous pericardium -Internal sac; serous pericardium
39
Serous pericardium
Made by 2 layers; -Parietal -Pericardial cavity; the space between these layers filled with fluid -Normally it contains a thin film of fluid that allows the heart to move freely within pericardial sac
40
Conducting system
-Consists of modified cardiac muscle cells, that are specialised for initiating impulses and conducting them rapidly through the heart (the sinoatrial node and Purkinje fibres)
41
The sinoatrial node
-A group of modified cardiomyocytes positioned on the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the vena cava -The electrical signal generated by the SA node moves from the cell to cell unit until it reaches the atrioventricular node (AV) between the atria and ventricles
42
Purkinje fibres
Modified cardiomyocytes localised in the subendocardial tissue
43
Conducting system function
-Initiates the normal heartbeat and coordinates the contractions of the 4 heart chambers -This system gives the heart its automatic rhythmic beat -This native rate is constantly modified by the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres

Anatomy Semester 2 (4 decks)

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