Cardiovascular system (Internal organs)

Question 1

What is Angiology?

Answer 1

The part of anatomy that studies the circulatory system

Question 2

Parts of the circulatory system

Answer 2

-Cardiovascular System
-Lymphatic System

Question 3

Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic System roles

Answer 3

Distributes the blood
Distributes lymph

Question 4

Cardiovascular meaning

Answer 4

Central organ = heart
Vascular system= arteries, capillaries, veins

Question 5

The role of the circulatory system

Answer 5

-The transport system of the body
-The system supplies nutrients to and removes waste products from various tissues of the body
-The conveying media is liquid in the form of blood and lymph which flow in a closed tubular system.

Question 6

Functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 6

-Transports nutrients and hormones
-Removes waste products
-Gas exchange
-Immunity
-Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

Question 7

What is the heart

Answer 7

-Chambered muscular organ
-Pumps blood throughout the body
-Receives deoxygenated blood through veins
-Pumps oxygenated blood through arteries

Question 8

Functions of the heart

Answer 8

-Generating blood pressure
-Routing blood; heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations
-Ensures one-way blood flow through the use of valves
-Regulating blood supply; changes in contraction rate and force, match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

Question 9

Heart topography (location)

Answer 9

-In the middle mediastinum, behind the breast bone, sternum, between the lungs above the diaphragm
-It is located about 2/3 to the left and 1/2 to the right of the median plane

Question 10

Heart (External Morphology)

Answer 10

-A base
-An apex
-Four surfaces; sternocostal, diaphragmatic, left pulmonary, right pulmonary
-Basis and Apex cordis
-Facies sternocostalis
-Facies diaphragmatica
-Facies pulmonalis dextra
-Facies pulmonalis sinistra
-Left (arterial) half
-Right (venous) half

Question 10

Heart topography (borders)

Answer 10

-Upper border= 3rd rib (upper edge)
-Right border = 1.5cm away and parallel to the right edge of the sternum to the cartilage of the V rib
-Lower border = from the cartilage of the V right rib to the V left intercostal space (up to the apex cordis; this is found in the intercostal space 7cm away from the sternum)
-Left border= from Apex cordis to 3rd rib

Question 11

External morphology of the heart (functional compartments)

Answer 11

-Right side of the heart (right atrium and ventricle) receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for gas exchange
-Left side of the heart (left atrium and ventricle) receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the aorta for distribution to the body

Question 12

Heart external morphology (Grooves)

Answer 12

-Sulcus interventricularis (anterior)
-Sulcus interventricularis (posterior)
-Sulcus coronarius

Question 13

Heart (Internal Morphology)

Answer 13

-Septum cordis; interatrial septum, interventricular septum
-Atrioventricular septa

Question 14

What is the interatrial septum?

Answer 14

A solid muscular wall that separates the right and left atria

Question 15

What is the septal wall?

Answer 15

-It is found in the right atrium
-Marked by a small oval-shaped depression called the fossa ovalis

Question 16

What is the fosa ovalis

Answer 16

-Remnant of the foramen ovale in the fetal heart
-This allows right-to-left shunting of blood to bypass the lungs
-Closes once the newborn takes its 1st breath

Question 17

Right atrium

Answer 17

-Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
-Crista terminalis separates; sinus venarum (openings of superior and inferior vena cava) and atrium proper

Question 18

Coronary sinus

Answer 18

-Flows into the right atrium
-Collects blood from the heart wall; vena cordis magna, vena cordis parva, vena cordis media, vena ventriculi sinistri posterior, vena obliqua atrii sinistri, venae cordis anteriores, venae cordis minimae

Question 19

3 types of cardiac vein

Answer 19

The great, middle and small cardiac veins all drain directly into the right atrium

Question 19

Right ventricle function

Answer 19

-Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, and pumps it through the pulmonary orifice (guarded by the pulmonary valve), into the pulmonary artery.

Question 19

Inflow portion (right ventricle)

Answer 19

By contracting, the papillary muscles “pull” on the chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse of the valve leaflets during ventricular systole

Question 19

Outflow portion (right ventricle)

Answer 19

-The outflow portion (leading to the pulmonary artery) is located in the superior aspect of the ventricle.
-Derived from the embryonic bulbus cordis
-No trabeculae carneae
-Pulmonary semilunar valve with 3 cusps

Question 20

Left atrium function

Answer 20

-Receives oxygenated blood from the 4 pulmonary veins, and pumps it through the left atrioventricular orifice (guarded by the mitral valve) into the left ventricle
-Interior surface can be divided into 2 parts (inflow and outflow portion)

Question 21

Inflow portion (left atrium)

Answer 21

-Receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
-Its internal surface is smooth and it is derived from the pulmonary veins themselves

Question 22

Outflow portion (left atrium)

Answer 22

-Located anteriorly
-Lined by pectinate muscles, and is derived from the embryonic atrium

Question 23

Left ventricle

Answer 23

-Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, and pumps it through the aortic orifice (guarded by the aortic valve) into the aorta.

Question 24

Inflow portion (left ventricle)

Answer 24

-Trabeculae carneae
-Two (anterior and posterior) papillary muscles

Question 25

Outflow portion

Answer 25

-Is a derivative of the embryonic bulbus cordis
-No trabeculae carneae
-Mitral (bicuspid) valve with anterior and posterior cusps
-Aorta semilunar valve with 3 cusps

Question 26

Types of circuits in the cardiovascular system

Answer 26

-Pulmonary circuit; provides blood flow between the heart and lungs
-Systemic circuit; allows blood to flow to and from the rest of the body
-Coronary circuit; provides blood to the heart

Question 27

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 27

-Transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where blood picks up a new blood supply
-Then it returns the oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium

Question 28

Blood flow in the pulmonary circuit

Answer 28

Superior and inferior vena cava (with deoxygenated blood)=> Right atrium=> Right ventricle=> Pulmonary trunk=> Right and left pulmonary artery=> Capillaries of each lung (oxygenation of the blood)=> Pulmonary veins=> Left atrium

Question 29

Systemic circuit

Answer 29

-Provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues.
-Carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products
-Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body.
-From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart

Question 30

Blood flow in the systemic circuit

Answer 30

Left atrium=> Left ventricle=> Aorta and all of its branches=> Capillaries=> Veins=> Superior and inferior vena cava

Question 31

Coronary arteries

Answer 31

-Heart is supplied by the right and left coronary arteries
-The right coronary arteries supply the right atrium, right ventricle, interventricular septum, sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes
-The left coronary arteries supply most of the left ventricle, atrium and interventricular septum

Question 32

Veins that drain directly into the right atrium

Answer 32

The great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein and the small cardiac vein

Question 33

Microscopic structure of the heart

Answer 33

The heart wall contains 3 layers;
-The inner= endocardium
-The middle= myocardium
-The outer= epicardium

Question 34

Endocardium

Answer 34

-Layer of endothelial cells
-Base membrane
-Stratumsubendoteliale, connective tissue layer
-Stratum myoelasticum
-Tela subendocardialis

Question 35

Myocardium

Answer 35

Cardiac muscle tissue

Question 36

Epicardium

Answer 36

-Mesothelium, basement membrane, loose connective tissue
-Subepicardium
-Loose connective and adipose tissue with blood vessels and nerves

Question 37

Atrioventricular valve

Answer 37

-The valve is composed of collagen, proteoglycans and elastic fibres
-Both surfaces are covered by endothelium

Question 38

Pericardium

Answer 38

-A double-walled fibro serous sac that encloses the heart and its great vessels
-External sac; fibrous pericardium
-Internal sac; serous pericardium

Question 39

Serous pericardium

Answer 39

Made by 2 layers;
-Parietal
-Pericardial cavity; the space between these layers filled with fluid
-Normally it contains a thin film of fluid that allows the heart to move freely within pericardial sac

Question 40

Conducting system

Answer 40

-Consists of modified cardiac muscle cells, that are specialised for initiating impulses and conducting them rapidly through the heart (the sinoatrial node and Purkinje fibres)

Question 41

The sinoatrial node

Answer 41

-A group of modified cardiomyocytes positioned on the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the vena cava
-The electrical signal generated by the SA node moves from the cell to cell unit until it reaches the atrioventricular node (AV) between the atria and ventricles

Question 42

Purkinje fibres

Answer 42

Modified cardiomyocytes localised in the subendocardial tissue

Question 43

Conducting system function

Answer 43

-Initiates the normal heartbeat and coordinates the contractions of the 4 heart chambers
-This system gives the heart its automatic rhythmic beat
-This native rate is constantly modified by the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres