Internal Eye Flashcards
How do the arteries and veins differ in appearance?
Arteries - smaller and brighter red
Veins - larger and darker red
Describe cataracts
An abnormal progressive loss of lens transparency. Usually after age 50
What are the signs of papilledema?
Swollen distorted optic disc with blurry borders.
What are the signs of chronic glaucoma?
An increased “cup” size and atrophy (whitening) of nerve fibers in the enlarging cup. “Tunnel vision”
What are the funduscopic signs of diabetes mellitus?
Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Micro aneurysms (small red dots) - mild
- Hard exudates (well defined small, yellow, fatty deposits) - moderate
- Soft exudates/cotton-wool patches (areas of ischemia - severe
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
4. Neovasculrization (new fragile, irregularly configured vessels)
What are the fundoscopic signs of (mild/moderate/malignant) hypertension?
Mild - copper wiring
Moderate - soft cotton wool patches
Malignant - silver wiring
What would be the most obvious sign of papilledema on funduscopic exam?
A swollen distorted optic disc with blurry borders.
What would you recommend if you detect papilledema.
Refer to a ophthalmologist
What visual symptom is associated with advanced chronic glaucoma?
Tunnel vision
What is the most obvious funduscopic sign of glaucoma?
The physiological cup is more than half of the disc and atrophy (whitening) of nerve fibers.
What are classic symptoms of diabetes?
Frequent urination, frequent thirst, sensory loss in feet, elevated blood glucose levels
Funduscopic signs of diabetic retinopathy?
- Micro aneurysms (small red dots) - mild
- Hard exudates (well defined small, yellow, fatty deposits) - moderate
- Soft exudates/cotton-wool patches (areas of ischemia - severe
What are obvious signs of hypertension.
Arteriole constriction, copper wiring, hemorrhage, soft cotton wool, papilledema, silver wiring.
What are symptoms of hypertension?
Not any until advanced stages, high blood pressure.
Are retinal detachments always due to injury?
No they can be age related, especially after age 50
What visual symptoms can be associated with retinal detachment?
New vitreous floaters, flashing lights with head movement, vision loss starts laterally and moves centrally.
EXAM: describe red retinal reflex?
No dark shadows due to opacities in the anterior eye
EXAM: describe optic disc, shape and color
Disc cup ratio - cup is less than half the disc size
Shape - usually round/disc shape
Color - usually yellow orange color
EXAM: describe color of arteries and veins, diameter of vessels, course of vessles, arterio-venous crossings.
Color - arteries are bright red, veins are darker red and thicker.
Diameter - not constricted or dilated.
Course - tree like branching; not straight or tortuous.
Arterio-venous crossing - no nicking or tapering.
EXAM: describe retinal color and continuity
Color - red orange (Caucasian) darker with darker complection
Continuity - no hemorrhage or exudate.
EXAM: describe fovea and macula
Small central light reflection surrounded by darker retinal tissue.
