Internal Eye

Question 0

How do the arteries and veins differ in appearance?

Answer 0

Arteries - smaller and brighter red

Veins - larger and darker red

Question 1

Describe cataracts

Answer 1

An abnormal progressive loss of lens transparency. Usually after age 50

Question 2

What are the signs of papilledema?

Answer 2

Swollen distorted optic disc with blurry borders.

Question 3

What are the signs of chronic glaucoma?

Answer 3

An increased “cup” size and atrophy (whitening) of nerve fibers in the enlarging cup. “Tunnel vision”

Question 4

What are the funduscopic signs of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 4

Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

1. Micro aneurysms (small red dots) - mild
2. Hard exudates (well defined small, yellow, fatty deposits) - moderate
3. Soft exudates/cotton-wool patches (areas of ischemia - severe

Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
4. Neovasculrization (new fragile, irregularly configured vessels)

Question 5

What are the fundoscopic signs of (mild/moderate/malignant) hypertension?

Answer 5

Mild - copper wiring
Moderate - soft cotton wool patches
Malignant - silver wiring

Question 6

What would be the most obvious sign of papilledema on funduscopic exam?

Answer 6

A swollen distorted optic disc with blurry borders.

Question 7

What would you recommend if you detect papilledema.

Answer 7

Refer to a ophthalmologist

Question 8

What visual symptom is associated with advanced chronic glaucoma?

Answer 8

Tunnel vision

Question 9

What is the most obvious funduscopic sign of glaucoma?

Answer 9

The physiological cup is more than half of the disc and atrophy (whitening) of nerve fibers.

Question 10

What are classic symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 10

Frequent urination, frequent thirst, sensory loss in feet, elevated blood glucose levels

Question 11

Funduscopic signs of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 11

1. Micro aneurysms (small red dots) - mild
2. Hard exudates (well defined small, yellow, fatty deposits) - moderate
3. Soft exudates/cotton-wool patches (areas of ischemia - severe

Question 12

What are obvious signs of hypertension.

Answer 12

Arteriole constriction, copper wiring, hemorrhage, soft cotton wool, papilledema, silver wiring.

Question 13

What are symptoms of hypertension?

Answer 13

Not any until advanced stages, high blood pressure.

Question 14

Are retinal detachments always due to injury?

Answer 14

No they can be age related, especially after age 50

Question 15

What visual symptoms can be associated with retinal detachment?

Answer 15

New vitreous floaters, flashing lights with head movement, vision loss starts laterally and moves centrally.

Question 16

EXAM: describe red retinal reflex?

Answer 16

No dark shadows due to opacities in the anterior eye

Question 17

EXAM: describe optic disc, shape and color

Answer 17

Disc cup ratio - cup is less than half the disc size
Shape - usually round/disc shape
Color - usually yellow orange color

Question 18

EXAM: describe color of arteries and veins, diameter of vessels, course of vessles, arterio-venous crossings.

Answer 18

Color - arteries are bright red, veins are darker red and thicker.
Diameter - not constricted or dilated.
Course - tree like branching; not straight or tortuous.
Arterio-venous crossing - no nicking or tapering.

Question 19

EXAM: describe retinal color and continuity

Answer 19

Color - red orange (Caucasian) darker with darker complection
Continuity - no hemorrhage or exudate.

Question 20

EXAM: describe fovea and macula

Answer 20

Small central light reflection surrounded by darker retinal tissue.