Internal and International Migration Flashcards
Define migration
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another to take up permanent or semi-permanent residence.
Define internal migration
Internal migration is migration within a country.
Define voluntary migration
Voluntary migration – people who are free to choose when and where they move. Most people who move within Australia are voluntary migrants.
Define rural to urban migration
Rural-to-urban migration is defined as the movement of people from the countryside to the city. This type of migration is not confined to certain areas of the world; it is evident in both developed and developing countries.
What type of migrants move within Australia the most?
Most people who move within Australia are voluntary migrants.
Provide statistics of internal migration
Statistics show that more than 40% of Australians will move home once every five years and 15% will move at least three times in that same period.
Define push factors
Push factors are those that encourage a population to leave its home
Define pull factors
Pull factors are those that draw a population to another area or place.
Examples of pull and push factors in internal migration
Pull: Affordable housing Climate Lifestyle Job opportunities/employment Good schools and hospitals Family and friends Push:Lack of employment opportunities High cost of living Climate
Significant trends of internal migration
Australia’s four largest cities and the areas surrounding them were growing more rapidly than the rest of Australia.
Increase in Western Australia’s population is partially due to workers migrating because of job opportunities in the mining industry.
The fast growing areas on the edge of major cities can be explained by more land available for housing estates.
Chasing sunshine – there has been substantial growth in Queensland’s coastal areas.
3 trends of internal migration
Sea Change this where individuals abandon the city for a perceived easier life in rural coastal communities.
Tree Change the described move from city living to a more rural/country setting.
FIFO – stands for fly in fly out worker. These workers don’t move permanently to their place of work but fly into the work site to complete work, usually one to two weeks, where they are provided with accommodation, recreation facilities and meals.
List effect of sea changes on coastal communities
The popularity of sea changes in Australia is presenting many challenges for coastal councils.
Population growth has meant an increasing demand for infrastructure and services.
Infrastructure such as new hospitals, sewerage systems, water resources, roads and schools.
In the past, it took between 50 and 100 years for a small coastal town to grow into a larger regional centre. Today the same growth is taking place over 5 to 10 years.
Careful planning is needed if these communities are to retain their lifestyle attractions that ‘pull’ increasing number of people there in the first place.
What was the ‘Country Town Rescue’ initiative in Trundle?
A number of small regional towns have been leasing houses at a reduced rate to help support their communities that are struggling with a declining population.
Country Town Rescue followed the experience of five families that relocated to Trundle to take advantage of regional living and a dollar a week rent.
The experiences of each of the families was wholly unique. Some thrived in their new town while others struggled to make the transition.
The show explores the very real challenges that come from this type of move. Showing that regional living is not for everyone and that such a significant change like this needs considerable thought and planning. Real considerations such as employment and access to services are addressed in the series.
The success of some families highlights the many advantages of regional living, particularly for young families.
Trundle is just one of many towns that have used the ‘rent a farmhouse’ initiative. Although different communities have adapted the approach to suit their region, typically the initiative is aimed at community-minded young families.
The ‘rent a farmhouse’ initiative gives young families the opportunity to try regional living without the large financial commitment of purchasing a house, or expensive rent. It also brings the local community together, encouraging them to welcome new residents and help them settle into the town.
Country Town Rescue also showed that initiatives like this can be important for boosting local morale.
Reason for migrants travelling to WA
WA is rich in minerals such as iron ore.
A mining boom was created by China’s modernisation.
Many workers from all over Australia arrived to work in mining related industries in WA.
What does forced migration refer to?
Refugees and displaced people
What is the difference between intrastate, interstate and international?
Intrastate:between regions within a state or territory
Interstate: between states or territories within a country
International: between countries.
Proportion of immigrants originating from other countries
Now a large proportion of immigrants (34%) originate from a diverse range of ‘other countries’.
What did the White Australia Policy do?
It ensured that immigrants were from European, largely Anglo-Celtic backgrounds. Britain and other European countries were, as a result, the major sources of immigration to Australia during this period.
How long was migration to Australia was restricted by the White Australia Policy?
From the introduction of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 until the mid-1970s, migration to Australia was restricted by the White Australia Policy
What caused the gradual dismantling of the White Australia Policy?
Shortages of labour in the decades following World War II resulted in a gradual dismantling of the White Australia Policy as settlers were increasingly accepted from other areas of Europe and later, the Middle East.
Define immigrant
Immigrant: a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.
Difference between first, second and third generation immigrants
First-generation immigrant: born in Australia, with both parents born overseas
Second-generation immigrant: born in Australia, with one parent born overseas.
Third-generation (plus) immigrants: both parents born in Australia, but an ancestor born overseas
How many migrants lived in Australia?
In 2020, there were over 7.6 million migrants living in Australia.
In other words, 29.8% of the population was born overseas.
Provide key trends of immigration patterns
More immigrants to arrive from England than any other country, although there has seen a slight drop since 2015
Immigration from India has more than doubled sine 2010
Ten years ago, New Zealand was #2, but has now dropped to #4
In the last 5 years, India has become #2, now ahead of China
Immigration from New Zealand and Italy has decreased since 2015
The number of immigrants from all Asian countries in the top 10 continue to grow
South Africa is the only African nation with significant numbers of migrants arriving in Australia.
Given an example of natural increase and Net overseas migration
Natural increase (ie. babies being born here) Net overseas migration (ie. the difference between arrivals and departures)
Define emigration
Process of leaving one country (usually one’s native country) to settle in another. Also known as out-migration.
Define immigration
Movement of individuals and groups across international boundaries.
Four types of streams in international migration program
Skill stream, family stream, special eligibility stream and child stream
Purpose of skill stream
To improve the productive capacity of the economy and fill skill shortages in the labour market including those in regional Australia.
Purpose of family stream
It is predominantly made up of Partner category visas, enabling Australian citizens and permanent residents to reunite with family members from overseas and provide them pathways to citizenship.
Purpose of special eligibility stream
It covers visas for those in special circumstances that do not fit into the other streams. This can include permanent residents returning to the country after a period away.
What do skill stream migrants have to do to enter Australia?
These applicants need to past a points test and satisfy the basic requirements in terms of the skills they can contribute to the Australian economy, their qualifications and occupations, their english language ability and recent work experience.
What do family stream migrants have to do to enter Australia?
A family stream migrant must have member of an Australian resident or citizen. These migrants need to be sponsored by a family member or a fiancé living in Australia as part of their settlement requirements.
What is the humanitarian program?
A program that offers resettlement to refugees overseas or residence for refugees in Australia.
Why do refugees leave their home country
They have been forced to leave their home country and cannot return due to war, famine or persecution.
Examples of pull and push factors in international migration
Push Factors: Globalisation Unemployment Famine War Natural disaster Drought Political, racial or religious persecution Unstable or undemocratic government Pull Factors: Globalisation Job opportunities Democratic government Labour shortages Education opportunities Better services (e.g. Health) Favourable immigration laws Environmental amenities (e.g. beaches, climate)
Majority of people born overseas settle where?
The majority of those born overseas settle in NSW and Victoria.
What percentage choose to live in major urban areas?
85% choose to live in major urban areas
Provide factors that influence where migrants choose to settle
Some of the factors that influence where migrants choose to settle include: employment opportunities point of entry into Australia location of family members existing ethnic concentrations
Which state has the highest proportion of overseas born migrants?
NSW (35%)
How does Sydney attract most of this growth?
By a lot of suburbs displaying visible evidence of cultural diversity like Chippendale.
Define internally displaced persons
Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are people who are forced from their homes but remain within their home country.
Define asylum seeker
An asylum seeker is a person looking for protection because they fear persecution, or they have experienced violence or human rights violations.
Define refugees
A refugee is a person who asked for protection and was given refugee status. They may have been resettled in another country or be waiting for resettlement. Not every asylum seeker becomes a refugee, but every refugee starts out as an asylum seeker.
Define migrants
A migrant is a person who leaves or flees their home to go to new places – usually abroad – to seek opportunities or safer and better prospects.
Define humanitarian crisis
A humanitarian crisis is defined as a singular event or a series of events that are threatening in terms of health, safety or well-being of a community or large group of people.
