Geography Mistakes Flashcards
Define migration
The movement of people from one place to another to take up semi or permanent residence
Define voluntary migration
Type of migration that involves the individual being free to choose when and where to travel.
Provide statistics of internal migration
40% of Australians will move homes once every five years and 15% will move at least three times in the same period
Define pull factors
Factors that draw a population to another area or place
Examples of pull and push factors in internal migration
Pull: Affordable housing, climate and job opportunities
Push: High cost of living, climate and lack of employment opportunities
Significant trends of internal migration in Australia
Australia’s four largest cities and the areas surrounding them are growing more rapidly than the rest of Australia
Western Australia’s population has increased partially due to an influx of job opportunities in the mining industry.
The fast growing areas on the edge of major cities can be explained by more land becoming available for housing estates
Chasing sunshine: Queensland’s coastal communities have experienced substantial growth
3 trends of internal migration
Sea Change: this is when individuals abandon the city for a more perceived easier life in rural coastal communities
Tree change: the described move from city living to a more rural/country setting
FIFO: This is the temporary movement via plane into the work site where the worker is provided with recreation facilities, accommodation and meals.
Reason for migrants travelling to WA
WA is rich in minerals such as iron ore
Mining boom was created after China’s modernisation
Workers around Australia travel to WA to work in mining related industries
How long was migration to Australia restricted by the White Australia Policy?
From the introduction of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 until the mid 1970s.
Define immigrant
A person that comes to live permanently in a foreign country
Difference between first, second and third generation immigrants
First: Both parents were born overseas
Second: One parent was born overseas
Third: Both parents born in Australia but an ancestor was born overseas
How many migrants lived in Australia?
In 2020, 7.6 million (29.8% of Australia’s population) migrants lived in Australia
Provide key trends of immigration patterns
More immigrants have arrived from England than any other country although there has been a slight drop since 2015
Immigration from India has more than doubled since 2010
Ten years ago, New Zealand was 2 now they’re 4
In the last 5 years, India is 2 ahead of China
Immigration from Italy and New Zealand has decreased since 2015
Number of immigrants from top 10 Asian countries continue to grow
South Africa only African nation with significant numbers arriving in Australia
Define emigration
Process of leaving one country (usually one’s native country) to settle in another
Define immigration
Movement of individuals and groups across international boundaries
Four types of streams in international migration program
Skill stream, family stream, child stream and special eligibility stream.
Purpose of skill stream
To improve the productive capacity of the economy and fill skill shortages in the labour market including those in regional Australia
Purpose of family stream
It is predominantly made up of Partner category visas, enabling Australian citizens and permanent residents to reunite with family members from overseas and provide them pathways to citizenship.
Purpose of special eligibility stream
It covers visas for those in special circumstances that don’t fit into the other streams. This can include permanent residents returning to the country after a period away.
What do skill stream migrants have to do to enter Australia?
These applicants need to pass a points test and satisfy the basic requirements in terms of the skills they can contribute to the Australian economy, their qualifications and occupations, their English language ability and recent work experience.
What do family stream migrants have to do to enter Australia?
The individual must have a member of an Australian resident or citizen. These migrants need to be sponsored by a family member or a fiancé living in Australia as part of their settlement requirements.
What is the humanitarian program?
A program that offers resettlement to refugees overseas or residence for refugees in Australia.
Why do refugees leave their home country
They have been forced to leave their home country and cannot return due to famine, war or persecution.
Majority of people born overseas settle in which states?
NSW and Victoria
What percentage choose to live in major urban areas?
85% of migrants
Provide factors that influence where migrants choose to settle
Employment opportunities
Point of entry in country
Location of family members
existing ethnic concentrations
Which state has the highest proportion of overseas born migrants?
NSW 35%
How does Sydney attract most of this growth?
By numerous suburbs displaying visible evidence of cultural diversity like Chippendale
Define internally displaced persons
People who are forced out of their homes but remain within their home country
Define asylum seeker
Person looking for protection because they fear persecution or have experienced violence or human rights violations
Define refugees
A person who has asked for protection and was given refugee status. They may have resettled in another country or are waiting for resettlement.
Define migrants
A person who leaves or flees their home to go to new places (usually abroad) to seek opportunities or for better or safer prospects.
Define humanitarian crisis
A singular event or a series of events that are threatening in terms of health, safety or well-being of a community or large group of people.
Define choropleth map
A thematic map in which areas are coloured or shaded to represent similarities and differences
Define isoline map
A thematic map where lines are drawn to link different places that share a common theme and filled with colour to show contrasts of the theme.
Define thematic map
A map that shows the spatial distribution of a particular value in a geographic location
Define flow line map
Maps showing the flow of goods, ideas, information or people between places
Define cartogram
A map in which the size is adjusted to illustrate the distribution of a feature or statistic like population size or hunger.
Define topographic map
A type of map characterised by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features usually using contour lines.
Information provided by synoptic charts
They provide information on the distribution of movement and patterns of air pressure, rainfall, wind and temperature.
Define age distribution
The proportionate numbers of persons in successive age categories in a given population.
Define dependent
Contingent on or determined by
Define economically active
All people who, during a specified time, contribute to or are available to contribute to the production of economic goods and services.
Define death rate
Number of deaths per one thousand people per year
Define birth rate
Numbers of live births per thousand of a population per year
Define ageing population
Refers to changes in the age composition of a population such as there is an increase in the proportion of older persons
Define fertility rate
The average number of childbirths born to a women in her lifetime
Define eastings
Lines that run from the top of the page downwards. These numbers increase as you move left to right or eastward across the page.
Define northings
Lines that run horizontally across the page. These numbers increase as you move from the bottom to the top or northward.
Purpose of synoptic chart
They provide a snapshot of the weather experienced at a particular place at a certain time.
Define weather
The constantly changing atmospheric conditions close to ground level.
Define climate
The weather of a specific region averaged over a long period of time.
Name of instrument that measures the air
Barometers
Barometric pressure is measured in what?
Hectopascals (hPa)
What are isobars?
The series of lines that join places of equal atmospheric or barometric pressure
How far apart are isobars drawn apart?
2 hPa
Difference of pattern formation between high and low pressure system
In a high pressure system, numbers increase the closer it is to the centre
In a low pressure system, numbers decrease the closer it is to the centre
Other name for low pressure system
Cyclone or depression
Describe anticyclones
Show areas of maximum atmospheric pressure
Areas of sinking air
Fine weather, clear skies, dry weather and light winds associated with the central part of a high pressure system
High diurnal (daily) temperature range and cooler nights due to clear skies
Air pressure is above 1013 hPa
Winds travel anticlockwise
Describe cyclone or depression
Show areas of lesser atmosphere pressure than surrounding areas
Areas of rising air
Cloudy, rain weather, stronger winds are associated with a low pressure system
Lower diurnal (daily) temperature range
Air pressure is below 1013 hPa
Winds travel clockwise
What are cold fronts?
Cold front: The leading edge of a cooler air mass at ground level that replaces a warmer air mass
Symbols for cold and warm fronts
Cold: triangles point in which direction front is moving
Warm: semi circles point in which direction front is moving
How is wind speed determined?
The closeness of the isobars
The closer the isobars, the stronger the winds
If isobars are far apart a place will generally experience light winds.
How is the wind’s direction determined
Shown by a line drawn to a dot representing a weather station
Direction of the line shows the direction from where the wind is blowing
Always refer to the direction of wind in terms of where it’s coming from
Describe the legend in synoptic charts
A circle with a dot in the middle means no wind (calm)
End of stem tells us where the wind is coming from
Wind speed is measured in km/h
Shown by small lines attached to end of wind direction line
No small lines means wind is blowing 1-4 km/h
How are seasons determined?
Determined by location of various pressure system
Summer: Low over Northern Australia and high over Southern Australia
Winter: High over Northern Australia and low over Southern Australia
Associated weather with isobars
Closer the isobars, the stronger the wind
Associated weather with warm and cold fronts
Warm: Increase in temperature. May bring light showers
Cold: Fall in temperature. May bring rain and storms.
Associated weather with low and high pressure system
Low: Generally cloudy weather and a good chance of rain. Winds rotate in clockwise direction.
High: Generally fine weather. Winds rotate in an anticlockwise direction
Associated weather with tropical cyclones
Torrential rain, very strong and destructive winds in a clockwise direction
What are latitude lines?
Imaginary lines drawn around the Earth horizontally
How do we measure latitude?
We measure latitude in other places as either North or South of the equator. Measured in degrees.
What numbers are latitude numbered?
0-90 degrees North or South
Name of seven latitude lines
Equator, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle, North Pole, South Pole
Locations of seven latitude lines
Equator: 0 Tropic of Capricorn: 23 1/2 south Tropic of Cancer: 23 1/2 north Arctic Circle: 66 1/2 north Antarctic Circle: 66 1/2 south North Pole: 90 north South Pole: 90 south
What are longitude lines?
Imaginary lines that run vertically around the world
What numbers are longitude numbered?
0-180 East or West
Location and name of two longitude lines
Prime Meridian: 0
International Date Line: 180
What does latitude and longitude measure?
Latitude: N&S
Longitude: E&W
Define warm front
A leading edge of a warmer air mass that is advancing into a cooler air mass
