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Physiology of Sports Performance > Intermittent Sports > Flashcards

Intermittent Sports Flashcards

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1
Q

Ways to assess the physical demand of intermittent sports?

A

GPS monitoring

Prozone system

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2
Q

How to use GPS monitoring to assess the physical demand of intermittent sports?

A

Allows measurement of movements of different velocities to develop an activity profile
Cost-effective
Doesn’t work indoors
Can be troublesome in stadiums (GPS issues)

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3
Q

How to use the Prozone system to assess the physical demand of intermittent sports?

A

Allows assessment of activity profiles
Can be used in stadiums and indoors
Expensive

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4
Q

How can assessing the physical demand of intermittent sports be useful?

A

Coaches can gain comprehensive insight int the physical demands of matchday for a particular sport
Allows coaches to plan training

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5
Q

Ways to plan training using information obtained from assessing the physical demand of intermittent sport?

A

Specific to the demands of the sport
Positional specific training
Recovery requirement following a specific match

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6
Q

The physical demands of intermittent sports (Mohr et al. 2003)

A 
Top class player spend less time walking and jogging and more time running and sprinting
High-intensity running and sprinting is higher in top-class players
High-intensity running and sprinting declines relatively more in top-class player (importance of substitutions)
Periods of higher-intensity work are followed by recovery periods (implications of pacing strategies during team sports)
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7
Q

The physical demands of intermittent sports (Bradley et al. 2009)

A

The demand of the sport ill be position-specific

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8
Q

The physical demands of intermittent sports (Bradley et al. 2011)

A

The demands of the sports will be linked to the formation

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9
Q

The physical demands of intermittent sports (Bradley et al. 2013)

A

The demands of the sport will be linked to the tactical approach

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10
Q

The easiest method of monitoring the metabolic demands of intermittent work?

A

Heart rate

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11
Q

Energy systems in the body?

A

ATP-PCr
Anaerobic system
Aerobic system

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12
Q

Define the ATP-PCr energy system?

A

Very rapid rate of ATP resynthesis
Low capacity
High power exercise - 100m sprint and weights

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13
Q

Define the anaerobic energy system?

A

Rapid rate of ATP resynthesis
Low capacity
Glycolysis
Power and short duration exercise - 400m run and boxing

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14
Q

Define the aerobic energy system?

A

Slow rate of ATP synthesis
High capacity
Oxidative phosphorylation
Endurance exercise - walking, 1km run, and marathon

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15
Q

Metabolic demands of intermittent sport? (Bangsbo 1994)

A

A football match play typically requires 70-80% VO2max
The aerobic energy system provides the largest portion of energy during a football match
The anaerobic energy provision is still very important as it is linked to fatigue and high-intensity work
Blood lactate increase during a football match (4-10nM) -> indicative of reliance on anaerobic glycolysis
PCr decline during higher intensity exercise and is resynthesised in recovery

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16
Q

Findings linked to PCr decline during higher intensity exercise and resynthesise in recovery? (Bangsbo 1994)

A

Recovery is linked to muscle oxygen delivery
Implications for aerobic fitness and cardiovascular function
Our ability to resynthesis muscle PCr during these high-intensity bouts of exercise is linked to our oxidative metabolism

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17
Q

Findings linked to purine nucleotide metabolism during exercise? (Bangsbo 1994)

A

Myokinase/adenylate kinase pathway
During very high-intensity exercise you can combine 2 adenosine-diphosphate (ADP) to form ATP
Increased accumulation of ATP breakdown products during intermittent sport, as well as increases in ammonia
A potential cause of peripheral and central fatigue

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18
Q

What are the breakdown products of ATP breakdown? (Bangsbo 1994)

A

Hypoxanthine

Uric acid

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19
Q

What’s a potential cause of peripheral fatigue? (Bangsbo 1994)

A

ATP breakdown products

20
Q

What’s a potential cause of central fatigue? (Bangsbo 1994)

A

Ammonia cross the blood-brain barrier

21
Q

What can be measured to determine if ATP turnover rate is sufficient to allow us to maintain high-intensity bouts of exercise? (Bangsbo 1994)

A

ATP breakdown products

22
Q

Fatigue development during intermittent sport? (Rampinini et al. 2011)

A

Protocol - measured MVC of the knee extensors
Results
- There is significant fatigue (reduction in MVC) following a football match - indicative of global fatigue
- This persists for at least 24hrs following a match
- Implications for the next training session

23
Q

Fatigue development during intermittent sport? (Mohr et al. 2005)

A

Protocol - 3 maximal 30m sprints separated by periods of recovery
Results
- there is an impaired ability to perform high0intensity running (reduction in sprint performance) as the football match proceeds
- Particularly evident in the 2nd half
- most goals are scored in the final few minutes so alleviating this fatigue is important for team performance

24
Q

Sights of fatigue during intermittent sport?

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Skeletal muscle fiber

25
Q

What causes contribute to fatigue during intermittent sport?

A

Electrophysiological considerations

Contractile considerations

26
Q

Fatigue development during intermittent sports? (Goodall et al. 2017)

A

Protocol
- Global fatigue measured as the MVC
- MVC and superimposed a twitch into this response (also given as a potentiated twitch)
Result
- Global fatigue response is reduced (MVC reduced)
- There is a significant central and peripheral fatigue development during a football match
- Peripheral fatigue developed largely in the first-half and remains constant throughout the remainder of the match
- Central fatigue increases proportionally by a greater amount as duration increases

27
Q

Fatigue development during intermittent sports? (Girard et al. 2011)

A

Protocol - measure EMG response of a muscle to assess muscle excitability
Results
- There is some evidence to suggest the muscle excitability declines during high-intensity intermittent exercise
- Impairment in central fatigue
- Electrical activity is less effective as exciting the skeletal muscle leading to impairments in force production

28
Q

Fatigue development during intermittent sports? ( Krustrup et al. 2006)

A

The main metabolic changes as high-intensity intermittent exercise continues is increased oxidative energy metabolism and lower anaerobic glycolysis
There is glycolysis depletion in all muscle fibre types over a football match -> impairs the ability to perform high-intensity running
Ammonia is indicative of ATP depletion
Increased plasma K+ has be linked to peripheral fatigue

29
Q

How is ammonia indicative of ATP depletion?

A

It can cross the blood-brain barrier leading to central fatigue

30
Q

Fatigue development during intermittent sport? (Krunstrup et al. 2011)

A

Protocol - muscle biopsies used to measure the rate of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake
Results
- impaired calcium reuptake following a football match
- impaired muscle relaxation

31
Q

Fatigue development during intermitted sport? (Mohr 2016)

A

The total distance covered in a football match is linked to the potential for fat oxidation
A positive correlation between HAD activity (B-oxidation) and total match differences
The potential to complete high-intensity work in football is linked to the Na+/K+ pump abundance
The potential to complete sprints in a football match is linked to fast-twitch muscle fibers, associated with glycogen depletion in type 2 muscle over a football match

32
Q

How can Na+/K+ pump abundance affect the potential to complete high-intensity work in football?

A

Increased K+ pumping back into the cell might limit the accumulation of K+ in the interstitial fluid, affecting depolarisation of a skeletal muscle
They might delay the progressive membrane depolarisation
They might delay the lower action potential amplitude
They might delay fatigue

33
Q

Define excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Depolarisation of muscle fibre (excitation) is coupled to muscle contraction

34
Q

Describe the excitation-contraction coupling process?

A

Nerve impulses travel down T-tubules causing a release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+ binds to troponin and causes position changes in tropomyosin, exposing the active sites on actin
Permits a strong binding state between active and myosin and contraction occurs

35
Q

Consequences of K+ induced membrane depolarisation?

A

Increases in K+ in the interstitial fluid surrounding the muscle nerve cell
The membrane becomes depolarised (more positive) as less K+ can move during each repolarisation phase
K+ induced depolarisation lowers action potential amplitude
Inactivation of the voltage-gates Na+ channels

36
Q

Benefits of greater fat oxidation?

A

More ATP produced than from CHO oxidation
High-fat reserves whereas CHO reserves are limited
Increased fat oxidation spares the limited muscle glycogen reserves

37
Q

Carbohydrate oxidation equation?

A

6O2 + 39ADP + 39P -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 39 STP

38
Q

Fat oxidation equation?

A

23O2 + 129ADP + 129P -> 16CO2 + 16H2O + 129ATP

39
Q

ATP breakdown equation?

A

ATP -> ADP + P + energy

40
Q

PCr breakdown equation?

A

PCr -> Creatine + ADP + ATP

41
Q

Glycogen breakdown equation?

A

Glucose + ADP + P -> lactate + ATP

42
Q

Lactate breakdown equation?

A

Lactate -> lactate- + H+

43
Q

The implication for anaerobic energy production?

A

Muscle glycogen and PCr reserves are limited(it is advantageous to preserve these)
accumulation of Pi, ADP and H+ in the muscle is linked to the process of muscle fatigue

44
Q

Physiological benefits of fast-twitch muscle?`

A

Increase in type 2 muscle fibre recruitment will benefit intermittent sport performance
Faster nerve condition
Faster muscle contraction
Greater PCr and glycogen stores (anaerobic energy substrate)
More anaerobic enzymes
Greater sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium stores
Faster calcium release
Larger cross-sectional area (more myofibrills)
More forceful muscle contractions

45
Q

Fatigue development during intermittent sports - the integration of peripheral and central fatigue development?

A

Central and peripheral fatigue don’t appear to develop in isolation but in a coordinated manner

Physiology of Sports Performance (6 decks)

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