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Physiology of Sports Performance > Determinants of Exercise Performance > Flashcards

Determinants of Exercise Performance Flashcards

1
Q

What determines performance over a set distance?

A

The ability of the athlete to produce and sustain the highest power output possible throughout a race

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2
Q

Determinates of average race pace?

A

Rate of aerobic energy expenditure

Economy

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3
Q

How is running economy measured?

A

VO2/speed

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4
Q

What influences aerobic energy expenditure?

A

VO2 max
Fractional utilisation (% VO2max)
Aerobic and anaerobic contribution

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5
Q

What influences VO2max?

A

Blood volume

Cardiac output

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6
Q

What influences anaerobic and aerobic contribution?

A

VO2 kinetics

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7
Q

How is marathon running speed measured?

A

VO2max x %VO2max@LT x economy

LT = lactate threshold

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8
Q

What influences performance VO2 (aerobic)?

A

Lactate threshold VO2

Muscle capillary density

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9
Q

What influences lactate threshold VO2?

A

Maximal oxygen consumption
Aerobic enzyme activity
Distribution of power output

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10
Q

What influences maximal oxygen consumption?

A 
Muscle capillary density
Stroke volume
Maximal heart rate
Haemoglobin content
Aerobic enzyme activity
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11
Q

What influences performance O2deficit (anaerobic)?

A

Total buffering capacity

Distribution of power output

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12
Q

What influences gross mechanical efficiency?

A

% slow-twitch (Type 1) muscle fibres
Anthropometry
Elasticity

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13
Q

How is performance velocity/power determined?

A

(Performance VO2 (aerobic) + performance O2deficit (anaerobic) x gross mechanical efficiency

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14
Q

Define maximal oxygen uptake?

A

The maximal rate at which ATP can be re-synthesised aerobically

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15
Q

Relationship between VO2max and performance?

A

There are strong correlations between VO2max and performance in heterogeneous groups

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16
Q

What’s the average VO2max value for elite male and female runners?

A

Male - 70-85ml/kg/min

Female - 60-75ml/kg/min

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17
Q

In terms of running the economy what is best in runners?

A

A lower running economy is better

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18
Q

Define running economy?

A

The oxygen cost of running at sub-maximal speeds?

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19
Q

What are the units for running economy?

A

ml/kg/min

ml/kg/km

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20
Q

What influences running economy?

A

Anthropometric factors
Physiological factors
Biomechanical factors
Technical factors

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21
Q

How to measure running economy? (Jones & Doust 1996)

A

Range of speeds typically used in training
Constant gradient of 1%
Corrected fro air resistance in outdoor training

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22
Q

What is vVO2max?

A

The velocity (running speed) at VO2max

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23
Q

What is velocity at VO2max (vVO2max)?

A

The interaction of VO2max and running economy

Provides a ‘functional expression’ of VO2max

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24
Q

How is velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) useful?

A

Helps enable differences in performance in athletes with similar VO2max
Enables accurate prediction of 16km race performance

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25
What is %VO2max?
Fractional utilisation of VO2max?
26
What is fractional utilisation of VO2max (%VO2max) associated with?
The accumulation of lactate in the blood The changes in gas exchange Perception of effort
27
Calculate the running speed for 10km? - VO2max = 70ml/kg/min - Sustain 85% VO2max over 10km - Running economy = 190ml/kg/min
``` VO2 = 70 x 0.85 = 59.5ml/kg/min VO2 (ml/kg/h) = VO2 x 60 RS = (VO2 x 60) / E RS = (59.5 x 60) / 190 RS = 18.789km/h = 18.789 / 1.8789 = 10km = 60min / 1.8789 = 31.93min = 31min56sec ```
28
Haemoglobin and Vo2max? (Schmidt & Prommer 2010)
Haemoglobin concentration is a poor predictor of VO2max | Haemoglobin mass is more predictive of VO2max
29
How to estimate total blood haemoglobin mass?
Pre-blood sample = %HbCO Breaking in a known quantity of CO for 10min Post-blood sample = %HbCO %HbCO increase allows you to calculate the total Hb mass
30
What is blood lactate?
The balance between lactate production and clearance
31
Predictors of performance? (Joyner & Coyle 2008)
Protocol -> time to exhaustion Time to fatigue is very predictive of %VO2max at lactate threshold Capillary density is also a predictor of performance (related to running economy)
32
What is oxygen uptake kinetics?
The rate at which oxygen uptake rises to meet the 'steady-state' exercise requirement Faster adaptation increases the 'oxygen deficit'
33
How can oxygen uptake kinetics be measured?
Breath-by-breath gas analyser
34
Oxygen uptake kinetics? (Burnley & Jones 2007)
Steady-state is achieved in ~1min in endurance-trained athletes
35
What are the mechanisms of respiration regulation?
Central chemoreceptors | Peripheral chemoreceptors
36
Properties of central chemoreceptors?
Stimulated by CO2 increase in cerebrospinal fluid Rate and depth of breathing increases Removes excess CO2 from the body
37
Properties of peripheral chemoreceptors?
In aortic and carotid bodies | Sensitive to blood PO2, PCO2, and H+
38
How is pulmonary ventilation regulated?
The body must maintain a homeostatic balance between blood PO2, PCO2, and pH Requires coordination between respiratory and cardiovascular systems Coordination occurs via involuntary regulation of pulmonary ventilation
39
What is HCO3-?
Bicarbonate
40
What is the main buffer in Acid-based balance in the body?
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
41
What is H2CO3?
Carbonic acid
42
What is the acid-based balance equation?
H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
43
What is the primary function of pulmonary ventilation?
To remove H+ from the blood
44
How can increase ventilation aid exercise?
It helps maintain a stable pH by removing H+ formed during exercise
45
What stimulus stimulates central and peripheral chemoreceptors to increase ventilation?
Excess CO2
46
The effects of increased ventilation?
CO2 exhalation -> redcued blood PCO2 and H+ concnetration -> pH increases
47
The effects of decreased ventilation?
CO2 build-up -> increased blood PCO2 and H+ concentration -> pH decrease
48
Define the ventilatory threshold?
The point during exercise when ventilation increases disproportionately to oxygen consumption When oxygen demand keeps increasing linearly, whilst there is a break-in point in ventilation
49
Relationship between ventilation (VE) and VO2?
Curvilinear relationship
50
What is the ventilatory equivalent for O2 and CO2? - Ventialtion = 60l/min - VO2 = 1.6l/min - VCO2 = 1.7l/min
The ventilatory equivalent = VE/VO2 = 60/1.6 = VE/VCO2 = 60/1.7 The ventilatory equivalent for VO2 = 37.5 The ventilatory equivalent for VCO2 = 35.3
51
Relationship between the ventilatory equivalent and the ventilatory threshold?
The ventilatory equivalent remains relatively constant over a wide range of submaximal exercise levels The ventilatory equivalent increase at the ventilatory threshold
52
Define maximal lactate steady state (MLSS)?
The highest intensity at which lactate production = lactate removal At higher intensities, progressive lactate accumulation and H+ accumulation, therefore, enhanced CO2 production A good predictor of 10km race performance
53
Define the respiratory compensation point?
The highest exercise intensity at which changes in respiration manage to compensate for the increase in H+ The second breakpoint in the ventilation curve when ventilation further increases
54
Lactate vs ventilatory thresholds
Lactate threshold coincides with ventilatory threshold -> increase H+ ions, results in an increase in CO2 -> triggers an increase in ventilation due to chemoreceptors Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) coincides with respiratory compensation -> further increase in H+ ions, results in a further increase in CO2 -> triggers a greater increase in ventilation
55
Many names of the ventilatory threshold?
Aerobic ventilatory threshold Aerobic threshold Aerobic gas exchange threshold Ventilatory threshold 1
56
Many names of the respiratory compensation point?
Anaerobic ventilatory threshold Anaerobic gas exchange threshold Ventilatory threshold 2
57
The aerobic ventilatory threshold is found at approximately the same intensity lactate begins to accumulate in the blood, why?
H+ is formed as lactate is formed, this needs buffering, and the resulting CO2 needs to be removed
58
Lactate threshold and ventilatory threshold debate proposed by Peronnet & Aguilaniu (2006)
Bicarbonate is not the main buffer in the muuscle Yet buffering by bicarbonate doesn't increase CO2 production in the muscle Is the disproportionate increase in VCO" at the mouth above the ventilatory threshold due to hyperventilation
59
Training zones based on ventilatory thresholds? (Meyers et al. 2005)
Below ventilatory threshold = regenerative exercise Between the 2 thresholds = extensive exercise Above RCP = intervnal/intensive exercise
60
Training zones based on ventilatory thresholds? (Faude et al. 2009)
Below ventilatory threshold = regenerative/lo-intensity endurance training Between the 2 thresholds = moderate/high-intensity endurance training Above RCP = interval training
61
Advantages of prescribing training using the ventilatory thresholds?
No blood sampling required
62
Disadvantages of rescribing training using the ventilatory thresholds?
Expensive equipment | mask/mouthpiece required
63
Effects of training on ventilatory thresholds? (Meyers et al. 2005)
The better trained, the higher the threshold Therefore, the greater the absolute VO2max and with respect to %VO2max Threshold occur at higher relative and absolute intensties
64
The ventilatory threshold to track performance? (Meyer et al. 2005)
Similar to lactate thresholds, a better predictor of performance than VO2max VO2max may remain constant, whereas the ventilatory threshold and RCP increase during the season
65
What were the parameters used in Molina (2017) Half-marathon performance predictors?
Weekly training volume, running experience, BMI, and the sum of skinfolds Peak speed and RCP speed RCP step rate, RCP step length, and maximal step length Peak speed, RCP speed, and running experience
66
Which model best predicted half-marathon performance? (Molina 2017)
RCP speed
67
Best predictors of marathon running performance? (Scheer et al. 2018)
Oxygen uptake corresponding to lactate threshold | Age
68
Best predictors of train running performance? (Scheer et al. 2018)
Step test variables (the speed at individual anaerobic threshold) Running economy
69
Another name for maximal lactate steady state (MLSS)?
The lactate turn-point (LTP)

Physiology of Sports Performance (6 decks)

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