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Physiology of Sports Performance > Determinants of Exercise Performance > Flashcards

Determinants of Exercise Performance Flashcards

1
Q

What determines performance over a set distance?

A

The ability of the athlete to produce and sustain the highest power output possible throughout a race

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2
Q

Determinates of average race pace?

A

Rate of aerobic energy expenditure

Economy

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3
Q

How is running economy measured?

A

VO2/speed

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4
Q

What influences aerobic energy expenditure?

A

VO2 max
Fractional utilisation (% VO2max)
Aerobic and anaerobic contribution

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5
Q

What influences VO2max?

A

Blood volume

Cardiac output

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6
Q

What influences anaerobic and aerobic contribution?

A

VO2 kinetics

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7
Q

How is marathon running speed measured?

A

VO2max x %VO2max@LT x economy

LT = lactate threshold

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8
Q

What influences performance VO2 (aerobic)?

A

Lactate threshold VO2

Muscle capillary density

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9
Q

What influences lactate threshold VO2?

A

Maximal oxygen consumption
Aerobic enzyme activity
Distribution of power output

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10
Q

What influences maximal oxygen consumption?

A 
Muscle capillary density
Stroke volume
Maximal heart rate
Haemoglobin content
Aerobic enzyme activity
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11
Q

What influences performance O2deficit (anaerobic)?

A

Total buffering capacity

Distribution of power output

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12
Q

What influences gross mechanical efficiency?

A

% slow-twitch (Type 1) muscle fibres
Anthropometry
Elasticity

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13
Q

How is performance velocity/power determined?

A

(Performance VO2 (aerobic) + performance O2deficit (anaerobic) x gross mechanical efficiency

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14
Q

Define maximal oxygen uptake?

A

The maximal rate at which ATP can be re-synthesised aerobically

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15
Q

Relationship between VO2max and performance?

A

There are strong correlations between VO2max and performance in heterogeneous groups

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16
Q

What’s the average VO2max value for elite male and female runners?

A

Male - 70-85ml/kg/min

Female - 60-75ml/kg/min

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17
Q

In terms of running the economy what is best in runners?

A

A lower running economy is better

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18
Q

Define running economy?

A

The oxygen cost of running at sub-maximal speeds?

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19
Q

What are the units for running economy?

A

ml/kg/min

ml/kg/km

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20
Q

What influences running economy?

A

Anthropometric factors
Physiological factors
Biomechanical factors
Technical factors

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21
Q

How to measure running economy? (Jones & Doust 1996)

A

Range of speeds typically used in training
Constant gradient of 1%
Corrected fro air resistance in outdoor training

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22
Q

What is vVO2max?

A

The velocity (running speed) at VO2max

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23
Q

What is velocity at VO2max (vVO2max)?

A

The interaction of VO2max and running economy

Provides a ‘functional expression’ of VO2max

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24
Q

How is velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) useful?

A

Helps enable differences in performance in athletes with similar VO2max
Enables accurate prediction of 16km race performance

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25
Q

What is %VO2max?

A

Fractional utilisation of VO2max?

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26
Q

What is fractional utilisation of VO2max (%VO2max) associated with?

A

The accumulation of lactate in the blood
The changes in gas exchange
Perception of effort

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27
Q

Calculate the running speed for 10km?

  • VO2max = 70ml/kg/min
  • Sustain 85% VO2max over 10km
  • Running economy = 190ml/kg/min
A 
VO2 = 70 x 0.85 = 59.5ml/kg/min
VO2 (ml/kg/h) = VO2 x 60
RS = (VO2 x 60) / E
RS = (59.5 x 60) / 190
RS = 18.789km/h
= 18.789 / 1.8789 = 10km
= 60min / 1.8789 = 31.93min
= 31min56sec
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28
Q

Haemoglobin and Vo2max? (Schmidt & Prommer 2010)

A

Haemoglobin concentration is a poor predictor of VO2max

Haemoglobin mass is more predictive of VO2max

29
Q

How to estimate total blood haemoglobin mass?

A

Pre-blood sample = %HbCO
Breaking in a known quantity of CO for 10min
Post-blood sample = %HbCO
%HbCO increase allows you to calculate the total Hb mass

30
Q

What is blood lactate?

A

The balance between lactate production and clearance

31
Q

Predictors of performance? (Joyner & Coyle 2008)

A

Protocol -> time to exhaustion
Time to fatigue is very predictive of %VO2max at lactate threshold
Capillary density is also a predictor of performance (related to running economy)

32
Q

What is oxygen uptake kinetics?

A

The rate at which oxygen uptake rises to meet the ‘steady-state’ exercise requirement
Faster adaptation increases the ‘oxygen deficit’

33
Q

How can oxygen uptake kinetics be measured?

A

Breath-by-breath gas analyser

34
Q

Oxygen uptake kinetics? (Burnley & Jones 2007)

A

Steady-state is achieved in ~1min in endurance-trained athletes

35
Q

What are the mechanisms of respiration regulation?

A

Central chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors

36
Q

Properties of central chemoreceptors?

A

Stimulated by CO2 increase in cerebrospinal fluid
Rate and depth of breathing increases
Removes excess CO2 from the body

37
Q

Properties of peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

In aortic and carotid bodies

Sensitive to blood PO2, PCO2, and H+

38
Q

How is pulmonary ventilation regulated?

A

The body must maintain a homeostatic balance between blood PO2, PCO2, and pH
Requires coordination between respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Coordination occurs via involuntary regulation of pulmonary ventilation

39
Q

What is HCO3-?

A

Bicarbonate

40
Q

What is the main buffer in Acid-based balance in the body?

A

HCO3- (bicarbonate)

41
Q

What is H2CO3?

A

Carbonic acid

42
Q

What is the acid-based balance equation?

A

H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 CO2 + H2O

43
Q

What is the primary function of pulmonary ventilation?

A

To remove H+ from the blood

44
Q

How can increase ventilation aid exercise?

A

It helps maintain a stable pH by removing H+ formed during exercise

45
Q

What stimulus stimulates central and peripheral chemoreceptors to increase ventilation?

A

Excess CO2

46
Q

The effects of increased ventilation?

A

CO2 exhalation -> redcued blood PCO2 and H+ concnetration -> pH increases

47
Q

The effects of decreased ventilation?

A

CO2 build-up -> increased blood PCO2 and H+ concentration -> pH decrease

48
Q

Define the ventilatory threshold?

A

The point during exercise when ventilation increases disproportionately to oxygen consumption
When oxygen demand keeps increasing linearly, whilst there is a break-in point in ventilation

49
Q

Relationship between ventilation (VE) and VO2?

A

Curvilinear relationship

50
Q

What is the ventilatory equivalent for O2 and CO2?

  • Ventialtion = 60l/min
  • VO2 = 1.6l/min
  • VCO2 = 1.7l/min
A

The ventilatory equivalent
= VE/VO2 = 60/1.6
= VE/VCO2 = 60/1.7

The ventilatory equivalent for VO2 = 37.5
The ventilatory equivalent for VCO2 = 35.3

51
Q

Relationship between the ventilatory equivalent and the ventilatory threshold?

A

The ventilatory equivalent remains relatively constant over a wide range of submaximal exercise levels
The ventilatory equivalent increase at the ventilatory threshold

52
Q

Define maximal lactate steady state (MLSS)?

A

The highest intensity at which lactate production = lactate removal
At higher intensities, progressive lactate accumulation and H+ accumulation, therefore, enhanced CO2 production
A good predictor of 10km race performance

53
Q

Define the respiratory compensation point?

A

The highest exercise intensity at which changes in respiration manage to compensate for the increase in H+
The second breakpoint in the ventilation curve when ventilation further increases

54
Q

Lactate vs ventilatory thresholds

A

Lactate threshold coincides with ventilatory threshold -> increase H+ ions, results in an increase in CO2 -> triggers an increase in ventilation due to chemoreceptors
Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) coincides with respiratory compensation -> further increase in H+ ions, results in a further increase in CO2 -> triggers a greater increase in ventilation

55
Q

Many names of the ventilatory threshold?

A

Aerobic ventilatory threshold
Aerobic threshold
Aerobic gas exchange threshold
Ventilatory threshold 1

56
Q

Many names of the respiratory compensation point?

A

Anaerobic ventilatory threshold
Anaerobic gas exchange threshold
Ventilatory threshold 2

57
Q

The aerobic ventilatory threshold is found at approximately the same intensity lactate begins to accumulate in the blood, why?

A

H+ is formed as lactate is formed, this needs buffering, and the resulting CO2 needs to be removed

58
Q

Lactate threshold and ventilatory threshold debate proposed by Peronnet & Aguilaniu (2006)

A

Bicarbonate is not the main buffer in the muuscle
Yet buffering by bicarbonate doesn’t increase CO2 production in the muscle
Is the disproportionate increase in VCO” at the mouth above the ventilatory threshold due to hyperventilation

59
Q

Training zones based on ventilatory thresholds? (Meyers et al. 2005)

A

Below ventilatory threshold = regenerative exercise
Between the 2 thresholds = extensive exercise
Above RCP = intervnal/intensive exercise

60
Q

Training zones based on ventilatory thresholds? (Faude et al. 2009)

A

Below ventilatory threshold = regenerative/lo-intensity endurance training
Between the 2 thresholds = moderate/high-intensity endurance training
Above RCP = interval training

61
Q

Advantages of prescribing training using the ventilatory thresholds?

A

No blood sampling required

62
Q

Disadvantages of rescribing training using the ventilatory thresholds?

A

Expensive equipment

mask/mouthpiece required

63
Q

Effects of training on ventilatory thresholds? (Meyers et al. 2005)

A

The better trained, the higher the threshold
Therefore, the greater the absolute VO2max and with respect to %VO2max
Threshold occur at higher relative and absolute intensties

64
Q

The ventilatory threshold to track performance? (Meyer et al. 2005)

A

Similar to lactate thresholds, a better predictor of performance than VO2max
VO2max may remain constant, whereas the ventilatory threshold and RCP increase during the season

65
Q

What were the parameters used in Molina (2017) Half-marathon performance predictors?

A

Weekly training volume, running experience, BMI, and the sum of skinfolds
Peak speed and RCP speed
RCP step rate, RCP step length, and maximal step length
Peak speed, RCP speed, and running experience

66
Q

Which model best predicted half-marathon performance? (Molina 2017)

67
Q

Best predictors of marathon running performance? (Scheer et al. 2018)

A

Oxygen uptake corresponding to lactate threshold

Age

68
Q

Best predictors of train running performance? (Scheer et al. 2018)

A

Step test variables (the speed at individual anaerobic threshold)
Running economy

69
Q

Another name for maximal lactate steady state (MLSS)?

A

The lactate turn-point (LTP)

Physiology of Sports Performance (6 decks)

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