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Social Psychology > Intergroup Relations > Flashcards

Intergroup Relations Flashcards

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1
Q

What are intergroup relations?

A

The way members of a group think about, feel, perceive and act towards other members

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2
Q

What are cognitive misers?

A

Not enough space in working memory to process everyone as an individual
Instead of incorporating all of the contradictory information, we take shortcuts (heuristics)
Heuristics can be stereotypes

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3
Q

What’s objectification?

A

The view of people (mainly women) being represented as their bodies

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4
Q

What is face-ism bias?

A

Ratio of face to total visible body
Portrayed in visual media
Men generally show more face than women
Women’s bodies are shown a lot more than men’s

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5
Q

What is self objectification?

A

Women experience self-objectification as the objectification they experience is more frequent. Their partner may watch pornography, they may watch pornography where other women are objectified and are the object of the prolonged male gaze

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6
Q

What’s ethnocentrism?

A

Preference for one’s own group, over others

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7
Q

What is social dominance orientation?

A

Hierarchal social order is maintained by individual and institutional discrimination

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8
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

simplified but widely shared beliefs about the characteristics of groups and their members

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9
Q

What is prejudice?

A

negative reaction to a group and its individual members

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10
Q

What is discrimination?

A

negative treatment of a group member because of their group membership

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11
Q

Why do people use stereotypes?

A

People draw on stereotypes to gain knowledge about people we barely know
Not all the time do people use stereotypes, sometimes being outcome dependent means people use stereotypes less and cognitive resources more

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12
Q

What is a study that provides evidence for outcome dependent people?

A

People were told they were working with an elderly person to earn a prize
Others were told they would be working independently
Outcome dependent people showed less stereotypical traits, only when they weren’t cognitively busy

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13
Q

What is the illusionary correlation bias?

A

Stereotypes assume a correlation between group membership and individual’s characteristics
We are sensitive to distinctive events so when 2 distinctive events occur together, it’s especially noticeable
Less contact with minorities and outgroups can mean cognitive errors occur

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14
Q

How does illusory correlation bias cause the trick of mind effect?

A

‘Trick of mind’ makes people believe that the behaviour is more common among the minority
Majority and minority group equally prone to desirable behaviour

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15
Q

How does memory cause the illusory correlation bias?

A

Memory is faulty so people don’t accurately encode the ratios, estimates then become biased
Mainly in favour of majority because memory for the minority is weaker to begin with

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16
Q

What is category accentuation?

A

Mere act of categorisation can distort perception of groups
Differences between categories are maximised, and differences between categorised are minimised

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17
Q

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A

Tendency to see people within the same group as more ‘similar’ than what they really are
We love people who share characteristics with ourselves
This can result in outgroup bias

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18
Q

How does dogmatism link to prejudice??

A

Tolerate mutually inconsistent beliefs by isolating them in memory

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19
Q

How does the personal need for structure (PNS) link to stereotyping?

A

Preference for structure in most situations
Links to stereotyping
High PNS ps assigned more stereotypically female traits to women

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20
Q

How does the need for cognitive closure link to prejudice?

A

Desire to seek an answer over ambiguity
Desire for predictability
Preferences for order and structure
Discomfort with ambiguity
Decisiveness
Closedmindedness

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21
Q

How does the marxist theory link to prejudice?

A

Classes have different, conflicting interests
Class conflict stems from exploiting the working class
Unequal class systems are preserved by false consciousness through ideologies like the protestant work ethic, which keeps people in their place
Class consciousness emerges when people become more aware

22
Q

How does authoritarianism link to prejudice?

A

Holocaust
Hostility towards Jewish people often co-exists with hostility towards other minorities
People who exhibit prejudice also share authoritarian tendencies

23
Q

What is right wing authoritarianism?

A

Conventionalism: adhere to social conventions endorsed by established ingroup authorities

Authoritarian submission: uncritical submission/obedience to established authorities

Authoritarian aggression: support for aggressiveness towards norm violence/deviants/outgroups

24
Q

What behaviour is right wing authoritarianism associated with?

A

Willingness to give harsher punishments to criminals
Approval of restrictions on civil battles
Ethnocentrism
Anti-gay/lesbian attitudes
Traditional gender roles
Support for aggressive military force
Opposition to environmental movement
Right wing voting and preferences

25
Q

What are legitimizing myths?

A

People differ in the extent to which they endorse beliefs, attitudes and ideologies
Justify group inequality
Oppression of some groups

26
Q

What is social dominance orientation?

A

Individual difference in preferences for group-based dominance and hierarchal (vs equal) group relations in society

27
Q

What behaviours are associated with social dominance orientation?

A

Prejudice towards a wide range of social groups
Sexism, anti-immigrant prejudice
Support for military force/spending Opposition to progressive and social policies

28
Q

Does social dominance orientation link to authoritarianism?

A

SDO is weakly correlated to RWA
SDO is weakly correlated with authoritarianism submission
Social dominators don’t value conventions and traditions, but they do if they preserve hierarchal societal structures

29
Q

What is the dual process model?

A

Account for different aspects of outgroup prejudice
RWA is the adherence to social norms
SDO is preference for inequality
Both RWA and SDO are introduced as personality constructs but it’s argued that they’re influenced by contextual factors and predicted by ‘core’ personality traits
RWA and SDO are social attitudes that cause different motivational goals
Goals for RWA: establish and maintain control, stability and cohesion
Goals for SDO: asserting power and group dominance

30
Q

What is the realistic group theory?

A

Struggle for material welfare

31
Q

What is the social identity theory?

A

Seeing one’s own group in positive terms relative to others

32
Q

What is the procedure for the Robber’s Cave study?

A

11 year old boys
Phase 1- group attachment (group names) ‘eagles’ and ‘rattlers’
Phase 2- intergroup competition
Phase 3- Intergroup reconciliation
Contact and superordinate goals reduced conflict

33
Q

What were the results for the Robber’s Cave study?

A

Introducing superordinate goals reduced ethnocentrism
Boys were rated negatively if from the outgroup
After the groups worked together (cooperation) , boys in the outgroup weren’t rated as negatively
Boys in outgroup were rated negatively when there was competition

34
Q

What was the procedure for the minimal group paradigm study?

A

British school boys evaluated unfamiliar paintings
Told they had a preference for either Klee or Kandinsky
Assignment was random
Each boy was asked to assign points to 2 other boys

35
Q

What were the results for the minimal group paradigm study?

A

Boys assigned more to the ingroup
They favoured the ingroup in relative terms, even if it meant they lost money
People strive to maintain superiority of their own group

36
Q

How does gender show that discrimination and prejudice don’t always overlap?

A

Women generally at the wrong end of the ‘battle of the sexes’
They are liked more and seen as nicer
Women are wonderful stereotype
Prejudice and discrimination don’t go hand in hand

37
Q

What is hostile sexism?

A

Women pose a threat to men’s position

38
Q

What is benevolent sexism?

A

Women are wonderful and necessary for men’s happiness

39
Q

Which gender is more likely to show hostile and benevolent sexism?

A

Men tend to endorse more hostile sexism
Women tend to endorse more benevolent sexism

40
Q

Why do women show benevolent sexism more?

A

Justifies women’s assignment to a subordinate role
Suited to caring roles
Not suited to status driven roles

41
Q

What are the downfalls to benevolent sexism?

A

Women exposed to benevolent attitudes believe that society is fairer
Benevolent sexists are more likely to restrict women’s pregnancy freedoms
More likely to blame date rape victims

42
Q

What is dehumanisation? How does this impact racial groups?

A

When people look different, have different customs, ect,
They seem less human
Dehumanisation to racial groups can cause people to legitimise even the worst actions against these groups

43
Q

What beliefs/movements may influence race and ethnicity differences?

A

Belief that perceived differences (e.g. intelligence) are genetically based
Eugenics movement
Nazi Germany

44
Q

What is credentialling?

A

People show more prejudice after having the opportunity to demonstrate that they are not prejudiced

45
Q

What is modern racism?

A

Old fashioned racism has been driven away
Replaced by more subtle, qualified racism
May lead to aversive racism- avoiding ethnic minorities

46
Q

Who is more likely to experience ageism? How does this link to cardiovascular events?

A

Older people may experience many forms of prejudice
25% of people who endorsed ageist stereotypes had a cardiovascular event within 30 years

47
Q

What is the history/evolution of homophobia?

A

In 1973 homosexuality was considered a psychiatric disorder
Civil Partnership act (2004) was met by opposition in a consultant document
Associated with traditional religious views and endorsement of traditional gender roles

48
Q

What is speciesism?

A

Discrimination against or exploitation of animal species by human beings, based on the assumption of human superiority
We care about animals (families have pets, animal welfare laws) yet we exploit them for societal practices and cultural traditions

49
Q

What is the social dominance human-animal relations model?

A

Ethnic prejudice and speciesism are products of social dominance orientation
Ethnic and speciesism are associated
Speciesism is also associated with sexism, which is another product of SDO

50
Q

How does social dominance orientation influence speciesism?

A

Dominance desires generalise to human-animal interactions
ethnic prejudice and speciesism are positively associated
Sexism and speciesism are positively associated
SDO underpins biases in human-human and human-animal relations

51
Q

How does right wing authoritarianism influence speciesism?

A

social conformity and traditions such as meat consumption

52
Q

What is the evidence for the meat masculinity link?

A

Women and men associate meat with masculinity and power
Real men eat meat advertisements
Meat dishes are perceived as more masculine than vegetarian dishes
Men consume and are expected to consume meat more often than women
Men who don’t consume meat are perceived as less masculine than omnivorous men
Gender role violations are penalised

Social Psychology (11 decks)

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