intergroup cognition

Question 1

Implicit biases

Answer 1

what’s uncontrollable (automatic) and not accessible via introspection
- Automatic, unconscious, uncontrollable

Question 2

explicit biases

Answer 2

Controllable and accessible via conscious thought
- Deliberate, intentional consciously accessible

Question 3

Unconscious processes can influence …

Answer 3

conscious process

Question 4

what are social categories?

Answer 4

How we represent gender, sexual orientation, nationality, belief system, religion

Question 5

Sources of intergroup cognition

Answer 5

Experience, Peers and family, Media, Biology

Question 6

Aboud states that…

Answer 6

Ingroup liking emerges before dislike of outgroup (explicitly)

Age 3/4 for ingroup liking

Outgroup dislike after age 7

Question 7

Bigler, Jones & Lobliner state that…

Answer 7

Children seems to spontaneously form categories and prefer ingroup members (by age 6)

Question 8

In schools - racially mixed, all black, all white…

Answer 8

children in all white schools show more hostility towards black transgressor, whereas white children in racially mixed school show no difference in black or white transgressor

Question 9

what is the racial development bias?

Answer 9

Developmental decrease in negative attitudes toward the outgroup, developmental increase in negative behavior toward the outgroup

Question 10

race bias timeline

Answer 10

Emerges by age 3 or 4

Peaks near age 7

Declines through adolescence

Question 11

what happens to interracial friendships as kids get older?

Answer 11

they reduce

Question 12

how does discrimination present in adults?

Answer 12

Housing

Employment

Healthcare

Education

Question 13

limitations of explicit measures

Answer 13

Access: we don’t have access to everything our brain might be processing

Social desirability: People don’t want to offend, don’t want negative judgements

Question 14

Implicit Association Test

Answer 14

The faster you are to respond, the stronger the association

Question 15

IAT in adults

Answer 15

How friendly you are with people of different racial groups

Hiring - who you hire

Voting - who you vote for

Medical treatment - Less likely to recommend treatment that involved more patient-doctor interaction

Question 16

where do biases come from?

Answer 16

Parents, peers, media, personal experience
(learned gradually, and are early and automatic)

Question 17

Implicit Intergroup Preference: European-Americans

Answer 17

european-americans:
- 6-year olds greater percentage chose white over black
- 10 year olds, drops but still choose white over black
- Adults show no preference

Latino group
In adults:
- When comparing their identity to white - no preference
- When comparing their identity to black - clear preference for their own group

Question 18

Development of Implicit Social Group Preferences

Answer 18

early acquisition, group membership, stable across development

Question 19

change with implicit and explicit group biases

Answer 19

With age, explicit intergroup preferences changes

Implicit intergroup preferences remains fairly constant

Question 20

How is the pattern of development of implicit intergroup bias different from the development of explicit intergroup bias?

Answer 20

Implicit remains stable across dev, with age, bias becomes more egalitarian

Question 21

Rudman’s Four Sources of Implicit Bias

Answer 21

culture, early interactions/impressions, affective experiences, cognitive consistency principles

Question 22

cognitive consistency principles

Answer 22

Our associations ought to make sense - ought to be linked to one another/correlated with one another

Question 23

Psychological Essentialism

Answer 23

how we reason about an object’s identity

Question 24

3 parts of essentialism

Answer 24

1. categories are real and discovered
2. Belief that some unobservable property (essence) causes things to be the way they are
3. belief that everyday words reflect this real structure of the world

• essentialism does NOT apply to human groups!

Question 25

Essentialism on identity

Answer 25

Leads to beliefs about the stability of that identity for individuals and groups

• Membership/identity fixed at birth
• Highly resistant to change (immutable)

Question 26

cues to essentialism

Answer 26

linguistic cues (e.g., noun labels), social cues (e.g., stereotypes), and cognitive cues (e.g., perceived similarity)