gender development

Question 1

toy preferences as early as 1 yr

Answer 1

not only preference for gender typical toys but neutral toys if believed gender appropriate

Question 2

toy preferences on latter half of their second year (1-2 yrs of age)

Answer 2

form gender-related expectations about he kinds of objects and activities that are typically associated with boys and girls

Question 3

how do toddlers interpret their gender by age 2-3?

Answer 3

age 2-3: learn which gender group they belong to and by age 3, to use gender terms (e.g., boy) in their speech

Question 4

preschool years in children

Answer 4

increase in gender differentiation in play and time among same-gender peers
- avoid peers who violate gender-typical behavior
- gender segregation appears to be culturally universal

Question 5

middle childhood (8-9-10) boys vs girls:

Answer 5

• boys: tend to value self-assertion and peer groups are more likely to reflect norms of dominance, self reliance and hiding vulnerability
• girls: tend to value affiliation or a balance of self-assertion and affiliation; peer groups are more likely to reflect norms of intimacy, collaboration and emotional sharing

Question 6

how do children interpret their gender around 9 or 10 yrs

Answer 6

show understanding that gender is a social category, and that gender roles are social conventions not biological outcomes
- realize that gender discrimination is unfair and noticing when it occurs

Question 7

gender-role intensification

Answer 7

heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles

Question 8

gender-role flexibility

Answer 8

allows adolescents (girls more than boys) to transcend traditional conventions and pursue a more flexible range of interests

Question 9

Difference in communication/social interaction Styles

Answer 9

Social problem solving - how conflicts are resolved
- Girls more likely to compromise / boys more likely to engage in physical force

Shared emotion (girls) vs. Shared activities/interests (boys)

Question 10

four key processes for social learning theories:

Answer 10

• attention (to gender info)
• memory (for that info)
• motivation (to repeat gender typed behavior)
• production (of gender behavior)

Question 11

parents generally DO:

Answer 11

• reward and support gender stereotypical behavior
• buy gender stereotypical toys
• talk differently to children (e.g., emotions)

Question 12

parents generally do NOT:

Answer 12

• display difference in warmth
• differ in responsiveness
• restrict activities

Question 13

conversational differences

Answer 13

• fathers tend to use more instructional talk with sons that with daughter
• parents and other adults are more likely to comment on girls’ physical appearance and attire than on boys’

Question 15

observational learning

Answer 15

• children see and experience roles of adults’ fo different gender in society, result in in gender-typed activities
  
  • attend more to, and remember better, info about same gender activities/toys

Question 16

gender schema theory

Answer 16

motivation to enact gender-typed behaviors begins soon after children can label other people’s and their own gender during toddlerhood

Question 17

gender self-socialization

Answer 17

• child determines what other info they learn about gender
  
  • e.g., initial prefs for trucks leads them to learn more about trucks and less about dolls

Question 18

according to the social cognitive theory, learning about gender occurs via:

Answer 18

• tuition: direct teaching
• enactive experience: experiencing the reactions one’s behavior evokes in others

Question 19

according to the social cognitive theory, adults are more upset when boys engage in what behavior?

Answer 19

cross-gender-typed behaviors because the asymmetry is tied to men’s dominant status in society

Question 20

social role theory

Answer 20

emphasize how cultural practice both reflect and perpetuate gender divisions
- diff expectation among genders stem from the division of labor in a given society
- parents frequently assign diff chores to boys and girls

Question 21

kohlberg’s theory of gender role development

Answer 21

• children’s understanding of gender involves 3 processes
  
  • gender identity by 30mos (not fixed)
  • gender stability by 3-4 yrs (quasi-fixed; appearance still matters)
  • gender constancy by 6 yrs (fixed)
    
    • begin self-socializing

Question 22

gender schemas

Answer 22

mental representations incorporating everything they know about gender

ways to talk, look, play, etc.

in-group/out-group distinction (us. vs. them)

Question 23

Name four key processes involved in gender socialization according to social learning theories

Answer 23

________ (to gender info)

________ (for that info)

________ (to gender info)

________ (to gender info)

attention, memory, motivation, production

Question 24

T/F: Gender role intensification increases in early childhood, a period when children’s play becomes especially segregated by gender

Answer 24

False, Your motivation to conform is very explicit, but we are not saying it is that explicit

Question 25

T/F: Enactive experience concerns how children learn to be less biased by experiencing what it feels like to be discriminated against

Answer 25

False

Question 26

gender identity

Answer 26

our deeply held, internal sense of self as masculine, feminine, a blend of both, neither, or something else

Question 27

3 physiological categories at birth

Answer 27

Female

Male

Intersex (both male & female physiological traits)

Question 28

neuroscience approach to gender

Answer 28

Focus on how hormones and brain functioning are related to variations in gender development

Question 29

androgens

Answer 29

hormones that normally occur at higher levels in males than females. They affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward

Question 30

other forms of socialization

Answer 30

Categorization - others label and treat children according to their assumed gender

Modeling - indirect exposure to social stereotypes

Tuition - direct teaching

Policing - rewarding behaviours associated with child’s assumed gender and punishing non-conforming behaviours

Question 31

two spirit

Answer 31

an umbrella term used by some Indigenous peoples of North America (often, but not always) to refer to an Indigenous person who identifies as having both a masculine and feminine spirit

Question 32

how do children think about and feel their gender identity

Answer 32

ingroup bias: - preference for one’s own gender and sentiment that one’s own gender is superior to other
- very strong in early childhood

Question 33

CAH Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Answer 33

Surplus in steroid hormones (cortisol and aldosterone) which leads to overproduction of androgen (male sex hormone)

• Females: Ambiguous genitalia , “masculine” physical traits
• Males: Enter puberty much earlier

Question 34

T/F: Sex/gender is a continuous variable (biologically)

Answer 34

True

Question 35

gender differences in aggression

Answer 35

Boys are more likely to appraise a conflict as competitions that require use of direct aggression
- Perceived threat = increase in testosterone
- Increase in testosterone = correlated with greater displays of aggression

Question 36

intersex

Answer 36

Individuals born with chromosome patterns, gonads, and/or genitalia that do not coincide with either binary sex

Question 37

Self-Socialization

Answer 37

Most children seek to align themselves with traits, behaviours, values, expressions of their gender group

Question 38

Children generally begin to exhibit gender toy preferences as early as

Answer 38

12 mos

Question 39

T/F: According to Kohlberg children achieve gender constancy between 5-7 years of age

Answer 39

True

Question 40

By what age do children start to show understanding that gender is a social category and that gender roles are social conventions not biological outcomes?

Answer 40

9-10

Question 41

Explicit race bias emerges by _____ age and peaks around ______

Answer 41

2-3 (3-4) , 7

Question 42

What period in development do children typically experience gender-role intensification

Answer 42

asolescence

Question 43

What period in development do children typically experience gender-role flexibility?

Answer 43

adolescence

Question 44

T/F: gender typically was not affected by how long child had been socially transitioned (living as their gender)

Answer 44

True

Question 45

pressure to conform

Answer 45

feelings of pressure from parents, peers, and self for conformity to gender stereotypical behaviors and traits

Question 46

john money’s theory of gender neutrality

Answer 46

gender identity is malleable and can be shaped entirely by socialization during early development

Question 47

video ‘is it a boy or a girl’: what does this video challenge?

Answer 47

challenges john money’s theory of gender neutrality by showing disconnect between externally imposed gender roles and individuals’ true sense of identity, revealing flaws in gender neutrality approach

Question 48

video ‘is it a boy or a girl’: did this video shape your own ideas about biology, gender, and socialization?

Answer 48

• challenges binary thinking by showing diversity of human experiences, emphasizing that biology does not always fit into neatly defined categories of male or female
• reflect on importance of respecting self-identified gender over externally imposed norms, fostering inclusive perspectives on gender diversity

Question 49

video ‘is it a boy or a girl’: what is the focus?

Answer 49

explores complexities of intersex conditions, including medical, social and psyc impacts on individuals whose biological characteristics do not fit typical male or fem. def.

Question 50

who is dr. tiger devore?

Answer 50

clinical psychologist and intersex individual who shares personal experiences and advocates for greater awareness and ethical treatment of intersex people

his testimony revealed lasting psyc. trauma caused by early medical interventions and reinforced the need to respect individual agency and identity

Question 51

how did efforts to socialize intersex individuals into gender other than how they felt affect them?

Answer 51

efforts often led to psychological distress, identity struggles, depression, and alienation from their true selves

Question 52

video ‘is it a boy or a girl’: what does it suggest about relationship between socialization and gender identity?

Answer 52

highlights that socialization cannot override intrinsic gender identity, and that imposing gender role contrary to individual’s sense of self can cause harm

Question 52

video ‘is it a boy or a girl’: what role does biology play in gender identity?

Answer 52

deeply rooted in biology and psyc, challenging idea that it can be fully shaped by socialization

Question 52

video ‘is it a boy or a girl’: what criticisms does it raise about early surgical interventions on intersex children?

Answer 52

criticizes lack of consent, potential psyc. harm, and assumption that gender identity can be imposed rather than being innate

Question 53

video ‘is it a boy or a girl’: what ethical considerations regarding intersex individuals are highlighted?

Answer 53

importance of informed consent, respecting individual’s sense of identity, and avoiding unnecessary medical interventions for sake of societal norms.

Question 54

what real world failures highlight limitations fo john money’s gender neutrality theory?

Answer 54

intersex individuals raised as gender that didn’t align with their identity often rejected imposed role, proving that socialization alone cannot shape gender identity

Question 55

what specific outcomes are tied to early medical interventions on intersex children?

Answer 55

physical complications, loss of sexual or reproductive function, psyc. trauma, and lifelong regret for irreversible surgeries preformed without consent.