Intergrated theories of rape and child sexual abuse Flashcards
Finkelhors Four Prediction model is what sort of model?
Descriptive model of child sexual abuse
Prediction 1 of the four prediction model?
Motivation:
Sexual arousal, congruence and disrupted sexual expression which creates frustration which then creates motivation for sexual cohesion.
Prediction 2?
Overcoming internal inhibitors:
substance misuse, stress, cognitive disruptions, once they have motivation they acknowledge its wrong so to stop they do an alternative
prediction 3?
Overcoming external inhibitors:
opportunity, no victim, supervision, they create opportunities to have access for potential victim
Prediction 4?
Overcoming victim resistance:
forced grooming, convince their victim its something they want to engage in so its not harmful
what is Marshall and Barbrees integrated theory?
Comprehensive theory of the onset of sexual offending, based around 4 casual concepts:
- developmental experiences
- biological processes
- cultural norms
- psychological vulnerabilities
how does adverse childhood affect likelihood of sexual offending?
Adverse childhood experience such as bullying creates interpersonal and emotional-regulation deficits –> ‘sexual awakening’ rejection and development of deviant sexual fantasies during puberty –> rehearsal of deviant sexual scripts/ fantasies which create sexual frustration = sexual offending.
Hall and Hirschmans quadripartite model: the four factors associated with sexual offending:
- deviant sexual arousal subtype
- classic preferential offender (age bracket a type)
- large number of victim in their target group (all look the same or age cat)
- offend is driven by sexual arousal - distorted cognition subtype
- offending as a result of misinterpreting signals from victims
- explain their behaviour through distorted cognition (led me on etc)
- think about implicit theories, the way they misinterpret social cues - affective dysfunction subtype:
- situational offenders, wouldn’t expect to commit crime, impulsive and linked to negative emotional states seeks sexual stimuli to self soothe - personality problems subtype
- offending due to difficulties in forming and maintaining ‘normal’ adult relationships
- if they do maintain, they struggle with perspective taking and empathy so volatile relationships
- commit crime to have those relationships and that connection
Critiques of the Hall and Hirschmans
- treat sexual offending as a multifaceted issues several routes to offending behaviour
- beginss to unpack how psychological and situational factors interact in the lead up to an offence
- not account of how 4 factors come together to produce an offence
- no account of how 4 factors originate
Ward and Siegerts Pathway model: Theory of the inset of child sexual abuse:
4 mechanisms:
- intimacy and social skills deficit skills
- distorted sexual scripts
-emotional dysregulation
- cognitive distortions and antisociality
how does intimacy and social skills deficit lead to child sexual offending?
insecure attachment leads to adult rejections and social isolation. This mixed with children being less hostile means they will have emotional congruence with them leading to sexual offending.
how does deviant sexual scripts lead to child sexual offending?
premature sexualisation such as porn leads to sex having lack of emotion n attached to it. this with interpersonal intimacy equated with sex creates a difficulty forming relationships. when children are seen as less rejecting it can become an opportunity for sexual release and therefore sexual offences.
how does emotional dysregulation lead to child sexual offending?
lack of emotional competence creates anger and sadness which sexual offence is a production of as its an outlet for emotion and improved self worth and identity.
how does distorted/ antisocial cognition lead to child sexual offending?
dangerous world leads to entitlement and a desire for sexual release which is an opportunity to offend.
what is Setos motivation facilitation model?
the motivations in this are the high sex drive and seeking out sexual stimuli. this orientates an individual towards preferred sexual stimulus.
intense mating efforts - when an individual can’t attract mates in an easy way. This means sexual cohesion can become an easy tactic for them to engage in sexual behaviour.
motivation mixes with trait factors e.g., antisocial personality and state factors e,g., alcohol use to create sexual offences.
Sociological theories of rape?
sociological pov = rape is a tool of the patriarchy and is used to assert and maintain dominance. rape is based on men trying to have overt and control over women.
Evolutionary theories of rape?
rape is adaptive and allows for the direct spread of genes from one generation to the next. rape is a by product of evolutionary development. female choosiness leads to development of male assertiveness and its fundamentally based in sexual instinct and reproductive drive.
Palmer and Thornhill (2000) evolutionary views of rape:
- coerced copulation is common among the animal kingdom and is universal.
- rapists tend to use minimal force needed for the act
- rape victims are typically at the age of reproduction
