Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLSC 128 > Intercellular Communication and Principal of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Intercellular Communication and Principal of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Communication of cells with each other is essential for..

A
  1. coordinating their diverse activities
  2. maintain homeostasis
  3. growth of cell
  4. development of the body as a whole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of cell communication

A

intracellular and intercellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intracellular control of cellular function

A

communication within cells of the body e.g. synthesis of NTs needs communication between RER,SER, ribosome,etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Intercellular (extra-) control of cellular function

A

communication between the cells of the body e.g. release of ACTH during stress causes release of cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of intercellular (extra-) communication

A

direct and indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Direct intercellular

A

gap junction

  • cells are in close vicinity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Indirect intercellular

A

involve 4 types of chemical messengers: paracrine, NT secretion, hormonal secretion, neurohormone secretion

  • cells are far apart
  • involve ECF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Direct intercellular communication: gap junctions

A
  • intimate way of communication
  • achieved through “signalling molecules” on the surface of a cell
  • possesses identifying ‘markers’ on cell membranes
  • does not involve ECF
  • e.g. phagocytes recognize and destroy bacteria and invaders
  • e.g. antibodies “marked” bacteria as foreigners to destroy them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Paracrine

A
  • local chemical messenger exerts their effects on neighbouring cells in an immediate environment
  • chemical messengers use simple diffusion and act at a short distance
  • do not gain entry into the blood
  • e.g. histamine release causes vasodilation of the neighbouring blood vessel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • short-range chemical messengers
  • diffuse across narrow space to act locally on adjoining target cell (another neuron, muscle or ligand)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormones

A
  • long-range chemical messengers
  • secreted into blood by endocrine glands in response to an appropriate signal
  • exert effect on target cells some distance away from release site
  • e.g. GH only binds to muscles and bones in the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neurohormones

A
  • hormones are released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons
  • distributed through the blood to distant target cells e.g. ADH (vasopressin- released when suffering dehydration) and oxytocin (helps bonding in newborns and mom)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Signal transduction

A
  • the combination of extracellular chemical messenger with its membrane receptors triggers a sequence of intracellular events for particular cellular activities (i.e. transport, secretion, metabolism and contraction)
  • converting one chemical signal to another using energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chemical messenger’s action on target cell

A

endocrine cells –> first (extracellular) chemical messenger –> blood –> target cell –> receptors –> respond by closing/opening specific channels in the membrane and releasing second messengers like cAMP, Ca2+-PIP2 and cGMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

First messenger

A
  1. extracellular chemical messenger binds to receptors
  2. open/close the specific channels to regulate the movement of a particular ion in and out of the cell OR transfer extracellular chemical messenger to the second messenger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Second messenger

A

triggers a preprogrammed series of the biochemical events within the cell (located inside the target tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones via activation of the cyclic AMP second-messenger system

A
  1. binding of extra-cellular messenger to receptor activates a G protein, the alpha subunit of which shuttles to and activates adenylyl cyclase
  2. adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  3. cAMP activates protein kinase A
  4. protein kinase A phosphorylates inactive target protein, activating it
  5. active target protein brings about desired response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Functions of cAMP

A
  1. modification of heart rate
  2. formation of female sex hormones in the ovaries
  3. breakdown of stored glucose in the liver
  4. reception of a sweet taste by a taste bud
  5. conservation of water during urine formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Activation of the calcium second-messenger system by an extracellular messenger

A
  1. binding of extracellular messenger to receptor activates a G protein, the alpha subunit of which shuttles to and activates phospholipase C
  2. Phospholipase C converts PIP2 to IP3 and DAG

3a. IP3 mobilizes intracellular Ca2+

3b. DAG activates protein kinase C

4a. Ca2+ activates calmodulin

4b. Protein kinase C phosphorylates inactive target protein, activating it

5a. Ca2+- calmodulin complex activates Ca2+- calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase)

5b. active target protein brings about desired response

6a. CaM kinase phosphorylates inactive target protein, activating it

7a. active target protein brings about desired response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)

A

in a few cells, cyclic GMP serves as a second messenger in a system analogous to the cAMP system e.g. the signal transduction pathway involved in vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The functions of the endocrine glands (hormones)

A
  1. regulate metabolism, water and electrolyte balance by acting on the kidneys e.g. aldosterone
  2. induce adaptive changes to help the body cope with stressful situations e.g. cortisol
  3. promote growth and development e.g. GH
  4. control reproduction e.g. FSH and LH
  5. regulate blood cell production e.g. erythropoietin
  6. endocrine and ANS control and regulate both circulation, digestion and absorption of food in GI e.g. gastrin, CCK
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the plasma concentration of free, biologically active hormone, which can interact with its target cells to produce a physiological response, depends on…

A
  1. the hormone’s rate of secretion by the endocrine gland
  2. its rate of metabolic activation
  3. its extent of binding to plasma proteins (lipophilic hormones)
  4. its rate of metabolic inactivation and excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

POMC (pre-pro melanocortin) when cleaved produces active hormones:

__, ___ and ___ which target the ___, ___ and ___ respectively, and that will cause the release of __, __ ___, __ ___

A

POMC (pre-pro melanocortin) when cleaved produces active hormones:

ACTH, MSH and beta-endorphin which target the adrenal gland, melanocytes and analgesic respectively, and that will cause the release of cortisol, skin color, pain relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • includes hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, gonads and placenta
  • are derivatives of cholesterol
  • these hormones do not store in cells once formed and are released in blood immediately via lipid soluble plasma membrane
  • these hormones undergo interconversion in blood or in other organs e.g. progesterone becomes cortisol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Amines/catecholamines

A
  • derived from the amino acid tyrosine
  • include the hormones secreted by the thyroid and adrenal medulla
  • enzymes synthesizing these hormones are not located in cell organelles
  • both amines are stored in the cell until their secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Solubility: peptides

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Structure: peptides

A

chains of specific amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Synthesis: peptides

A

in rough endoplasmic reticulum, packaged in Golgi complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Storage: peptides

A

large amounts in secretory granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Secretion: peptides

A

exocytosis of granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Transport in blood: peptides

A

as free hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Receptor site: peptides

A

surface of target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mechanism of action: peptides

A

channel changes or activation of second-messenger system to alter activity of target proteins that produce the effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hormones of this type: peptides

A

majority of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Solubility: catecholamines

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Structure: catecholamines

A

tyrosine derivative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Synthesis: catecholamines

A

in cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Storage: catecholamines

A

in chromaffin granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Secretion: catecholamines

A

exocytosis of granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Transport in blood: catecholamines

A

half bound to plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Receptor site: catecholamines

A

surface of target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Mechanism of action: catecholamines

A

Activation of second-messenger system to alter activity of target proteins that produce the effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Hormones of this type: catecholamines

A

only hormones from the adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Solubility: thyroid hormone

A

lipophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Structure: thyroid hormone

A

iodinate tyrosine derivative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Synthesis: thyroid hormone

A

in colloid, an inland extracellular site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Storage: thyroid hormone

A

in colloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Secretion: thyroid hormone

A

endocytosis of colloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Transport in blood: thyroid hormone

A

mostly bound to plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Receptor site: thyroid hormone

A

inside target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Mechanism of action: thyroid hormone

A

activation of specific genes to make new proteins that produce the effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Hormones of this type: thyroid hormone

A

only hormones from the thyroid follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Hormones can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell in 3 ways…

A
  1. permissiveness
  2. synergism
  3. antagonism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Permissiveness

A
  • one hormone must be present in adequate amounts for the full exertion of another hormone’s effect
  • one hormone enhances the responsiveness of another hormone to the target gland
  • e.g. thyroid hormone increases receptor for epinephrine’s target cells (cardiac muscle cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Synergism

A
  • the actions of more than one hormone are complementary and their combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects
  • e.g. synergistic effects of FSH and testosterone on testes are required to maintain sperm production
56
Q

Antagonism

A
  • one hormone causes the loss of another hormone’s receptor, reducing the effectiveness of the second hormone
  • e.g. progesterone inhibits the action of estrogen (reducing the receptors) on uterine muscles to prevent miscarriage during pregnancy
57
Q

How cortisol is produced and its functions

A

Stress and diurnal rhythm (light and dark cycle) –> hypothalamus –> CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) –> anterior pituitary –> ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) –> adrenal cortex –> cortisol –> 1. increases blood glucose by gluconeogenesis, 2. increases amino acid, 3. blood fatty acids

58
Q

Hormones released by anterior pituitary

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, LH and FSH

59
Q

Hormones released by posterior pituitary

A

Vasopressin/ADH, Oxytocin

60
Q

Target cells of ACTH

A

zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

61
Q

Major functions of ACTH

A

stimulates cortisol secretion

62
Q

Target cells of TSH

A

thyroid follicular cells

63
Q

Major functions of TSH

A

stimulate T3 and T4 secretion

64
Q

Target cell of GH

A

bone, soft tissues

65
Q

Major functions of GH

A

essential but not solely responsible for growth, stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues, metabolic effects include protein anabolism, fat mobilization and glucose conservation

66
Q

Target cell of FSH

A

females: ovarian follicles
males: seminiferous tubules in testes

67
Q

Major functions of FSH

A

females: promotes follicular growth and development, stimulates estrogen secretion

males: stimulates sperm production

68
Q

Target cell of LH

A

females: ovarian follicle and corpus luteum

males: interstitial cells of Leydig in testes

69
Q

Major functions of LH

A

females: stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum development and estrogen and progesterone secretion

males: stimulates testosterone secretion

70
Q

Target cell of PRL (prolactin)

A

mammary glands

71
Q

Major functions of PRL (prolactin)

A

promotes breast development, stimulates milk secretion

72
Q

Target cell of Oxytocin

A

uterus and mammary glands (breasts)

73
Q

Major functions of oxytocin

A

uterus= increases contractility
mammary glands (breasts)= causes milk ejection

74
Q

Target cell of vasopressin

A

kidney tubules and arterioles

75
Q

Major functions of vasopressin

A

kidney tubules= increases water reabsorption

arterioles= produces vasoconstriction

76
Q

hypothalamus controls the release of __ ___, the secretion of each is stimulated or inhibited by more than seven ___ ___

A

hypothalamus controls the release of pituitary hormones, the secretion of each is stimulated or inhibited by more than seven hypophysiotropic hormones

77
Q

Major hypophysiotropic hormones

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH), prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

78
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

stimulates release of TSH and prolactin

79
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

stimulates release of ACTH

80
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

stimulates release of FSH and LH

81
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

stimulates release of growth hormone

82
Q

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

A

inhibits release of growth hormone

83
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone

A

stimulates release of prolactin

84
Q

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

A

inhibits release of prolactin

85
Q

Long-loop feedback

A

Hormones from peripheral endocrine glands inhibit the release of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

86
Q

Short-loop feedback

A

Pituitary hormones inhibit the release of hypothalamic hormones

87
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes endocrine glands?

a. they produce hormones into the ducts
b. they act locally on nearby tissues
c. they can all pass through the plasma membrane
d. they are all controlled by the nervous system

A

B

88
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes hormones?

a. they are all of similar chemical composition

b. they combine with specific receptors on the target cell’s surface or inside the target cell

c. they are secreted at a constant rate

d. they all act by activating adenylate cyclase, which transforms ATP into cyclic AMP

A

B

89
Q

Which of these statements does NOT apply to peptide hormones?

a. they include adrenal cortex hormones

b. insulin is an example of this type of hormone

c. they are stored within secretory granules

d. they are secreted from endocrine glands

A

A

90
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes tropic hormones?

a. they are produced by the posterior pituitary

b. they are secreted only by the hypothalamus

c. they primarily regulate hormone secretion by certain other endocrine glands

d. they all have non-tropic functions too

A

C

90
Q

Which class of hormones is synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum- Golgi complex mechanism?

a. peptides
b. catecholamines
c. steroids
d. thyroid hormones

A

A

90
Q

Which of these hormones is NOT a tropic hormone?

a. ACTH
b. ADH
c. ICSH
d. LH

A

B

  • ICSH= LH (Interstitial cell-stimulating
    hormone) because it targets the interstitial cells of Leydig in testes
91
Q

Which class of hormones is released by exocytosis upon appropriate stimulation?

a. peptides
b. thyroxins
c. steroids
d. insulins

A

A

92
Q

The transport of lipid-soluble hormones in the blood is accomplished by which of the following mechanisms?

a. loose binding with iodine
b. specific binding to some plasma proteins
c. binding to HDLs
d. binding to glycolipids

A

B

93
Q

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to steroids?

a. they are hydrophilic

b. they are derived from cholesterol

c. they initiate synthesis of the second messenger within the target cells

d. epinephrine is an example of a steroid

A

B

94
Q

Which class of hormones acts by means of a second-messenger system?

a. proteins
b. catecholamines
c. steroids
d. thyroid hormones

A

B

95
Q

Which of the following substances is the most common second messenger used by hydrophilic hormones?

a. calcium
b. cyclic AMP
c. chromatin
d. messenger RNA

A

B

96
Q

Estrogens, testosterone, cortisol and aldosterone are derivatives of which molecular precursor?

a. DHEA
b. cholesterol
c. UDP-glucose
d. epinephrine

A

B

97
Q

Which of the following happens in the second-messenger step?

a. a small amount of one hormone (the second messenger) is required to release another

b. a tropic hormone (the first messenger) stimulates secretion of another hormone (the second messenger)

c. the hormone first binds to a specific surface receptor, whereupon the hormone- receptor complex moves into the cell to combine with a specific intracellular receptor

d. a hormone (the first messenger) binds to surface receptor, activating adenylyl cyclase, which catalyzes cAMP formation

A

D

98
Q

Which of the following can influence the effective plasma concentration of a hormone?

a. the hormone’s rate of binding to receptors on target tissues

b. the hormone’s extent of binding to plasma proteins

c. the hormone’s rate of metabolic activity

d. the hormone’s rate of secretion

A

D

99
Q

Which of the following statements applies to TSH?

a. a buildup of the thyroid hormone stimulates its production by negative feedback

b. it is secreted by the thyroid gland

c. it is stored in the posterior pituitary

d. it stimulates the thyroid gland

A

D

100
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes control of hormone secretion?

a. normally the effective plasma concentration of a hormone is regulated by the rate of its synthesis

b. in order to maintain homeostasis, the rate of hormone secretion remains constant

c. all hormones are regulated with negative feedback controls

d. neuroendocrine reflexes produce a sudden increase in hormone secretion in response to a specific, usually external, stimulus

A

D

101
Q

Which of the following statements refers to permissiveness of hormones?

a. hormones permit cellular processes to occur

b. hormones permit their target organs to function at the optimal rate

c. In some instances, an adequate amount of one hormone must be present for the full exertion of another hormone’s effect

d. through numerous neuroendocrine relationships, the nervous system allows the endocrine system to function

A

C

102
Q

Which of these hormones is a neurohormone?

a. vasopressin
b. thyroid hormone
c. growth hormone
d. cortisol

A

A

103
Q

Which of the following hormones is released from the hypothalamus?

a. CRH
b. TSH
c. FS
d. LH

A

CRH

104
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the anterior pituitary?

a. it is also known as the neurohypophysis

b. it is composed primarily of nervous tissue

c. it primarily secretes tropic hormones

d. it secretes vasopressin

A

C

105
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes hypophysiotropic hormones?

a. each hypophysiotropic hormone influences only one anterior pituitary hormone

b. all hypophysiotropic hormones stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones

c. hypophysiotropic hormones are also produced outside the hypothalamus, where they serve different functions

d. hypophysiotropic hormones are secreted into the general circulation

A

C

106
Q

Which of these activities happens in a short-loop, negative-feedback, control system?

a. the anterior pituitary hormone feeds back to the hypothalamus, suppressing releasing hormone

b. the target gland’s hormone feeds back to the anterior pituitary, suppressing the tropic hormone

c. the target gland’s hormone does not feed back to any other gland

d. the anterior pituitary hormone feeds back to the posterior pituitary gland, stimulating the inhibiting hormone

A

A

107
Q

Which of these statements represents long-loop, negative feedback in the CRH-ACTH-cortisol system?

a. cortisol inhibits CRH secretion
b. CRH inhibits ACTH secretion
c. ACTH inhibits CRH
d. ACTH inhibits cortisol secretion

A

A

108
Q

T/F

The same chemical messenger may be either a hormone or a neurotransmitter depending on its source and mode of delivery to the target tissue

A

True

109
Q

T/F

A single endocrine gland may produce many hormones

A

True

110
Q

T/F

Neurohormones are hormones that specifically modify neural activity

A

False

111
Q

T/F

specialization of target-cell receptors explains the specificity of hormonal action

A

True

112
Q

T/F

the nervous system exerts considerable control over the endocrine system, but hormones have no influence over the nervous system

A

False

113
Q

T/F

peptide hormones are often produced as prohormones

A

True

114
Q

T/F

the hormones influence adjustments that require duration rather than speed, whereas the rapid coordinations of the body are controlled by the nervous sytem

A

True

115
Q

T/F

All hormones are first formed as preprohormones then are pruned into active hormones

A

False

116
Q

T/F

One target cell receptor may bind with more than one type of hormone

A

True

117
Q

T/F

Cholesterol is a common precursor for polypeptide hormones

A

False

118
Q

T/F

Endocrine responses occur more slowly and last longer than neural responses

A

True

119
Q

T/F

Peptide hormones cause changes in solute permeability or alter intracellular protein activity at their targets

A

True

120
Q

T/F

All hormones are synthesized by the ER-Golgi complex system

A

False

121
Q

T/F

Negative-feedback control tends to maintain hormone levels at a relatively constant set point, whereas neuroendocrine reflexes usually produce a sudden increase in hormone secretion in response to a specific stimulus

A

True

122
Q

T/F

Permissiveness refers to the conversion of inactive enzymes into active enzymes by hormones, thus permitting the enzymes to perform their function

A

False

123
Q

T/F

An anterior pituitary gland produces inhibiting and stimulating signals that affect the hypothalamus

A

False

124
Q

T/F

The posterior pituitary secretes LH

A

False

125
Q

The ____ hormones are derived from tyrosine

A

catecholamines

126
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from ____

A

cholesterol

127
Q

___ are long-range chemical mediators secreted by endocrine glands into the blood, which carries them to distant target organs

A

Hormone

128
Q

The specific site upon which a hormone exerts its effect is referred to as a ___ cell

A

target

129
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is also called ___

A

ADH/Vasopressin

130
Q

With ___, one hormone must be present in adequate amounts for the full exertion of another hormone’s effect

A

Permissiveness

131
Q

___ from the anterior pituitary stimulates cortisol secretion

A

ACTH

132
Q

This releasing hormone, called ___ ultimately causes secretion of adrenocorticosteroids

A

CRH

133
Q

FSH and LH are collectively called ___ because they control secretion of sex hormones

A

gonadotropins

134
Q

The posterior pituitary secretes ___ and ___

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

135
Q

The primary means of eliminating hormones and their metabolites from the blood is ____

A

excretion in the urine

HLSC 128 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions