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HLSC 128 > Adrenal Glands/Hormones > Flashcards

Adrenal Glands/Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • location: above the kidneys in a capsule of fat
  • composed of two endocrine organs/tissues: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
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2
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • outer portion
  • secretes steroid hormones e.g. cortisol, DHEA
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3
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • inner portion
  • secretes catecholamines e.g. epinephrine and norepinephrine
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4
Q

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. glomerulosa
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) _____
(8) Plasma protein carrier: ___
(9) Blood
(10) ____

A

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. glomerulosa
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) Mineralcorticoids
(8) Plasma protein carrier: Albumin
(9) Blood
(10) Aldosterone

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5
Q

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. fasciculata
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) ____
(8) Plasma protein carrier: ____
(9) Blood
(10) ___

A

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. fasciculata
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) Glucocorticoids
(8) Plasma protein carrier: corticosteroid-binding globulin (transcortin)
(9) Blood
(10) Cortisol

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6
Q

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. reticularis
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) _____
(8) ____
(9) Plasma protein carrier: ____
(10) Blood
(11) ____

A

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. reticularis
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) Sex hormones
(8) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
(9) Plasma protein carrier: Albumin
(10) Blood
(11) Estrogen and progesterone

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7
Q

Categories of adrenal steroids

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones

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8
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A
  • mainly aldosterone
  • influence mineral balance, specifically sodium and potassium balance
  • crucial to maintain long term blood pressure
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9
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • primarily cortisol
  • major role in glucose, protein and lipid metabolism
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10
Q

Sex hormones

A
  • identical or similar to those produced by gonads
  • most abundant and physiologically important is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (male “sex” hormone)
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11
Q

Functions of mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone):

Aldosterone –> distal and collecting tubules –> (1) ____ (2) ___

A

(1) Promotes sodium retention and enhances potassium elimination during urine formation

(2) Sodium retention by aldosterone induces osmotic retention of water, expanding ECF volume to maintain long-term blood pressure

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12
Q

Aldosterone regulation is increased by…

A

(1) activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) due to a reduction in sodium and a fall in blood pressure

(2) direct stimulation of adrenal cortex by a rise in plasma potassium concentration

(3) angiotensin promotes the growth of the z. glomerulosa

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13
Q

Regulation of aldosterone secretion is largely ___ of anterior pituitary control

A

Regulation of aldosterone secretion is largely independent of anterior pituitary control

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14
Q

Disorders of adrenocortical function: Aldosterone hypersecretion

A
  • caused by: primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome, secondary hyperaldosteronism
  • symptoms of both conditions:

excessive sodium retention (hypernatremia) and potassium depletion (hypokalemia), high blood pressure (hypertension) due to excessive sodium and fluid retention

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15
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome

A

hypersecretion of aldosterone by adrenal tumor

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16
Q

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

inappropriately high activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS)

17
Q

Disorders of adrenocortical function: Adrenocortical insufficiency (Aldosterone hyposecretion)

A
  • primary adrenocortical insufficiency/ Addison disease
  • secondary adrenocortical insufficiency
18
Q

Primary adrenocortical insufficiency/ Addison disease

A
  • all layers are under secreting. This disorder is caused by autoimmune disease, the destruction of the adrenal cortex by adrenal cortex-attacking antibodies
  • both aldosterone and cortisol are deficient
19
Q

Aldosterone deficiency

A
  • hyperkalemia (too much potassium)
  • hyponatremia (low lvls of sodium)
20
Q

Cortisol deficiency

A
  • poor response to stress
  • hypoglycemia due to reduced gluconeogenic activity (not enough glucose- cells suffer) and lack of permissive action for many metabolic activities
21
Q

Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency

A
  • pituitary or hypothalamic abnormality, resulting in insufficient ACTH secretion
  • only cortisol is deficient as aldosterone secretion does not depend on ACTH stimulation
22
Q

Addison’s disease symptoms- Aldosterone

A
  • hyperkalemia and hyponatremia
  • the hyperkalemia disturbs cardiac rhythms
  • the hyponatremia reduces blood volume, causing hypotension
23
Q

Addison’s disease symptoms- Cortisol

A
  • cortisol: poor response to stress
  • excessive ACTH secretion and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) causes hyperpigmentation
24
Q

Functions of glucocorticoids- cortisol

A

it is secreted by z.fasciculata and plays a role in:
(1) carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
(2) “permissive actions” for other hormonal activities
(3) help people cope with stress

25
Q

Protein metabolism

A
  • it stimulates protein degradation; converts muscle proteins into amino acids
  • mobilized amino acids are made available for use in gluconeogenesis for repairment of damaged tissue or synthesis of new cellular structures
26
Q

Fat metabolism

A
  • cortisol facilitates lipolysis in adipose tissue, releasing fatty acids into the blood
  • fatty acids are then available for converting into glucose for the use by the brain
27
Q

Permissive actions of glucocorticoids

A
  • cortisol must be present in adequate amounts to permit the catecholamines to induce vasoconstriction to prevent circulatory shock in a stressful situation
  • a person lacking cortisol and if left untreated, may enter into circulatory shock in a stressful situation that demands immediate widespread vasoconstriction
28
Q

Role of cortisol in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects

A
  • glucocorticoids suppresses antibody production, prevents allergic reactions and organ transplant
  • a large amount of glucocorticoids inhibit every step of the inflammatory response, making glucocorticoids an effective method of treating rheumatoid arthritis
  • prolonged exposure to higher-than-normal concentration of glucocorticoids induces gastric ulcers, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis and menstrual irregularities and bone thinning
  • a glucocorticoids treated person has a limited ability to resist infections
29
Q

Disorders of cortisol: Cortisol hypersecretion/Cushing’s syndrome - CAUSES

A
  • overstimulation of adrenal cortex by excessive amounts of CRH and/or ACTH
  • adrenal tumors that uncontrollably secrete cortisol independent of ACTH
  • ACTH- secreting tumors located in places other than the pituitary
30
Q

Disorders of cortisol: Cortisol hypersecretion/Cushing’s syndrome - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

A
  • hyperglycemia and glucosuria (adrenal diabetes)
  • excessive gluconeogenesis causes hyperglycemia
  • abnormal fat distribution causes “buffalo hump” and “moon face (face oedema)”
  • mobilization of fats from the lower extremities into the abdominal and thoracic regions
  • excessive amino acids mobilization from the body’s protein for use as glucose precursor
  • loss of muscle proteins leads to muscle weakness and fatigue
  • protein-poor skin the abdomen becomes overstretched due to excessive fat accumulation, forming red-purple linear streaks
  • loss of proteins in blood vessel walls causes bruising. Weakens the bones
31
Q

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A
  • only adrenal sex hormone that has any biological importance
  • overpowered by testicular testosterone in males
  • physiologically significant in females where it governs: growth of pubic and axillary hair, enhancement of pubertal growth spurt, development and maintenance of female sex drive
32
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

effects on genitalia and sexual characteristics, symptoms depend on age and sex

33
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome in adult females

A
  • androgen exerts masculinizing effects
  • hirsutism
  • deepening of voice, more muscular arms and legs (male secondary sex characteristics)
  • breasts become smaller, and menstruation may cease as a result of androgen suppression of woman’s hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPO) for her own female sex hormone secretion
34
Q

Hirsutism

A

a female tends to develop a male pattern of body hair

35
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome in newborn females

A
  • excessive secretion of androgen in early fetal life
  • have male-type external genitalia
  • clitoris, equivalent to the male penis
  • cause of female pseudo hermaphroditism (external genitalia resemble those of a male)
36
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome in prepubertal males

A

excessive androgen secretion in boys causes the premature development of male secondary sexual characteristics- deep voice, beard, enlarged penis and longer sex drive

37
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome in adult male

A

Overactivity of adrenal androgens in adult males has no apparent effect as any masculinizing effects are induced by the weak DHEA

38
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • modified part of sympathetic nervous system
  • primary stimulus for increased adrenomedullary secretion activation of sympathetic nervous system by stress
  • releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
39
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • secreted into blood by exocytosis of chromaffin granules
  • reinforces sympathetic system in mounting general systemic “fight-or-flight” responses
  • maintenance of arterial blood pressure
  • increases blood glucose and blood fatty acids

HLSC 128 (7 decks)

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