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HLSC 128 > Adrenal Glands/Hormones > Flashcards

Adrenal Glands/Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • location: above the kidneys in a capsule of fat
  • composed of two endocrine organs/tissues: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
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2
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • outer portion
  • secretes steroid hormones e.g. cortisol, DHEA
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3
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • inner portion
  • secretes catecholamines e.g. epinephrine and norepinephrine
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4
Q

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. glomerulosa
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) _____
(8) Plasma protein carrier: ___
(9) Blood
(10) ____

A

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. glomerulosa
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) Mineralcorticoids
(8) Plasma protein carrier: Albumin
(9) Blood
(10) Aldosterone

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5
Q

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. fasciculata
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) ____
(8) Plasma protein carrier: ____
(9) Blood
(10) ___

A

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. fasciculata
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) Glucocorticoids
(8) Plasma protein carrier: corticosteroid-binding globulin (transcortin)
(9) Blood
(10) Cortisol

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6
Q

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. reticularis
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) _____
(8) ____
(9) Plasma protein carrier: ____
(10) Blood
(11) ____

A

(1) adrenal gland
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) Z. reticularis
(4) precursor molecule (cholesterol)
(5) enzymes
(6) different biosynthetic pathways
(7) Sex hormones
(8) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
(9) Plasma protein carrier: Albumin
(10) Blood
(11) Estrogen and progesterone

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7
Q

Categories of adrenal steroids

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones

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8
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A
  • mainly aldosterone
  • influence mineral balance, specifically sodium and potassium balance
  • crucial to maintain long term blood pressure
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9
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • primarily cortisol
  • major role in glucose, protein and lipid metabolism
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10
Q

Sex hormones

A
  • identical or similar to those produced by gonads
  • most abundant and physiologically important is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (male “sex” hormone)
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11
Q

Functions of mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone):

Aldosterone –> distal and collecting tubules –> (1) ____ (2) ___

A

(1) Promotes sodium retention and enhances potassium elimination during urine formation

(2) Sodium retention by aldosterone induces osmotic retention of water, expanding ECF volume to maintain long-term blood pressure

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12
Q

Aldosterone regulation is increased by…

A

(1) activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) due to a reduction in sodium and a fall in blood pressure

(2) direct stimulation of adrenal cortex by a rise in plasma potassium concentration

(3) angiotensin promotes the growth of the z. glomerulosa

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13
Q

Regulation of aldosterone secretion is largely ___ of anterior pituitary control

A

Regulation of aldosterone secretion is largely independent of anterior pituitary control

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14
Q

Disorders of adrenocortical function: Aldosterone hypersecretion

A
  • caused by: primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome, secondary hyperaldosteronism
  • symptoms of both conditions:

excessive sodium retention (hypernatremia) and potassium depletion (hypokalemia), high blood pressure (hypertension) due to excessive sodium and fluid retention

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15
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome

A

hypersecretion of aldosterone by adrenal tumor

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16
Q

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

inappropriately high activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS)

17
Q

Disorders of adrenocortical function: Adrenocortical insufficiency (Aldosterone hyposecretion)

A
  • primary adrenocortical insufficiency/ Addison disease
  • secondary adrenocortical insufficiency
18
Q

Primary adrenocortical insufficiency/ Addison disease

A
  • all layers are under secreting. This disorder is caused by autoimmune disease, the destruction of the adrenal cortex by adrenal cortex-attacking antibodies
  • both aldosterone and cortisol are deficient
19
Q

Aldosterone deficiency

A
  • hyperkalemia (too much potassium)
  • hyponatremia (low lvls of sodium)
20
Q

Cortisol deficiency

A
  • poor response to stress
  • hypoglycemia due to reduced gluconeogenic activity (not enough glucose- cells suffer) and lack of permissive action for many metabolic activities
21
Q

Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency

A
  • pituitary or hypothalamic abnormality, resulting in insufficient ACTH secretion
  • only cortisol is deficient as aldosterone secretion does not depend on ACTH stimulation
22
Q

Addison’s disease symptoms- Aldosterone

A
  • hyperkalemia and hyponatremia
  • the hyperkalemia disturbs cardiac rhythms
  • the hyponatremia reduces blood volume, causing hypotension
23
Q

Addison’s disease symptoms- Cortisol

A
  • cortisol: poor response to stress
  • excessive ACTH secretion and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) causes hyperpigmentation
24
Q

Functions of glucocorticoids- cortisol

A

it is secreted by z.fasciculata and plays a role in:
(1) carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
(2) “permissive actions” for other hormonal activities
(3) help people cope with stress

25
Protein metabolism
- it stimulates protein degradation; converts muscle proteins into amino acids - mobilized amino acids are made available for use in gluconeogenesis for repairment of damaged tissue or synthesis of new cellular structures
26
Fat metabolism
- cortisol facilitates lipolysis in adipose tissue, releasing fatty acids into the blood - fatty acids are then available for converting into glucose for the use by the brain
27
Permissive actions of glucocorticoids
- cortisol must be present in adequate amounts to permit the catecholamines to induce vasoconstriction to prevent circulatory shock in a stressful situation - a person lacking cortisol and if left untreated, may enter into circulatory shock in a stressful situation that demands immediate widespread vasoconstriction
28
Role of cortisol in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
- glucocorticoids suppresses antibody production, prevents allergic reactions and organ transplant - a large amount of glucocorticoids inhibit every step of the inflammatory response, making glucocorticoids an effective method of treating rheumatoid arthritis - prolonged exposure to higher-than-normal concentration of glucocorticoids induces gastric ulcers, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis and menstrual irregularities and bone thinning - a glucocorticoids treated person has a limited ability to resist infections
29
Disorders of cortisol: Cortisol hypersecretion/Cushing's syndrome - CAUSES
- overstimulation of adrenal cortex by excessive amounts of CRH and/or ACTH - adrenal tumors that uncontrollably secrete cortisol independent of ACTH - ACTH- secreting tumors located in places other than the pituitary
30
Disorders of cortisol: Cortisol hypersecretion/Cushing's syndrome - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- hyperglycemia and glucosuria (adrenal diabetes) - excessive gluconeogenesis causes hyperglycemia - abnormal fat distribution causes "buffalo hump" and "moon face (face oedema)" - mobilization of fats from the lower extremities into the abdominal and thoracic regions - excessive amino acids mobilization from the body's protein for use as glucose precursor - loss of muscle proteins leads to muscle weakness and fatigue - protein-poor skin the abdomen becomes overstretched due to excessive fat accumulation, forming red-purple linear streaks - loss of proteins in blood vessel walls causes bruising. Weakens the bones
31
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
- only adrenal sex hormone that has any biological importance - overpowered by testicular testosterone in males - physiologically significant in females where it governs: growth of pubic and axillary hair, enhancement of pubertal growth spurt, development and maintenance of female sex drive
32
Adrenogenital syndrome
effects on genitalia and sexual characteristics, symptoms depend on age and sex
33
Adrenogenital syndrome in adult females
- androgen exerts masculinizing effects - hirsutism - deepening of voice, more muscular arms and legs (male secondary sex characteristics) - breasts become smaller, and menstruation may cease as a result of androgen suppression of woman's hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPO) for her own female sex hormone secretion
34
Hirsutism
a female tends to develop a male pattern of body hair
35
Adrenogenital syndrome in newborn females
- excessive secretion of androgen in early fetal life - have male-type external genitalia - clitoris, equivalent to the male penis - cause of female pseudo hermaphroditism (external genitalia resemble those of a male)
36
Adrenogenital syndrome in prepubertal males
excessive androgen secretion in boys causes the premature development of male secondary sexual characteristics- deep voice, beard, enlarged penis and longer sex drive
37
Adrenogenital syndrome in adult male
Overactivity of adrenal androgens in adult males has no apparent effect as any masculinizing effects are induced by the weak DHEA
38
Adrenal medulla
- modified part of sympathetic nervous system - primary stimulus for increased adrenomedullary secretion activation of sympathetic nervous system by stress - releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
39
Epinephrine
- secreted into blood by exocytosis of chromaffin granules - reinforces sympathetic system in mounting general systemic "fight-or-flight" responses - maintenance of arterial blood pressure - increases blood glucose and blood fatty acids

HLSC 128 (7 decks)

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