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Geography (Grade 9) > Interactions In The Physical Enviroment > Flashcards

Interactions In The Physical Enviroment Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the crust?

A

(Outer layer) a series of plates resembling a jigsaw puzzle.

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1
Q

What is the structure of the earth

A

Crust
Mantel
Core

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2
Q

What is the mantle?

A

(Liquid rock) a heat source that is always in motion

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3
Q

What is the core?

A

(The centre of the earth) Where the heat is coming from solid metal

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4
Q

The earth’s crust is made of ______ _______.

A

Tectonic Plates

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5
Q

What happens when plates move around?

A

They cause earthquakes

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6
Q

If an earthquake occurs under the sea it can cause a ________ because…

A

Tsunami
If it has a strong enough magnitude it will cause a powerful wave that can rise up to 10 meters or more when it reaches the shore

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7
Q

When tectonic plates move around and there is a place for magma to escape from the mantle to the top of the crust a _____ ______ occurs.

A

Volcanic Eruption

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8
Q

Who suggested continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegner

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9
Q

What did Alfred Wegener call the 300 million year old super continent?

A

Pangaea

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10
Q

What did Wegener call ‘The Jigsaw Fit’?

A

South America and Africa

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11
Q

What did Wegener call ‘Fossil Evidence’?

A

Fossils of the same plants and animals on South America and Africa

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12
Q

What did Wegener call ‘Mountain Evidence’?

A

There are mountains of similar age and structure on both South America and Africa

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13
Q

What did Wegener call ‘Ice Sheet Evidence’?

A

Ice sheets covered parts of Africa, India, South America and Australia. It seems the continents are closer to the south pole.

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14
Q

What is the name of Alfred Wegener’s theory?

A

Continental Drift

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15
Q

Name Wegener’s proof that justified his theory?

A

Jigsaw Fit, Fossil Evidence, Mountain Evidence, Ice Sheet Evidence.

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16
Q

The tectonic plate theory suggests what?

A

That the earth’s outer crust is made of about 20 plates that are floating on a layer of hot rock which flows like slow-moving plastic.

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17
Q

What forces do scientists believe cause the movement of tectonic plates?

A

Unequal distribution of the heat within the earth’s core cause convection currents to move the plates.

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18
Q

What wears down mountains?

A

Erosion, caused by wind, rain, running water and ice.

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19
Q

Earth’s physical landscape is a result of a conflict between what forces?

A

Plate tectonics and erosion

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20
Q

What force builds land higher?

A

Plate tectonics

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21
Q

What is the equator?

A

An imaginary line that divides the earth into 2 equal parts, Northern and Southern hemispheres.

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22
Q

What is the starting point for latitude lines?

A

The Equator

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23
Q

What do lines of latitude measure?

A

The distance north and south of the equator.

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24
Q

How are latitude lines drawn?

A

Drawn around the earth, north and south of the equator.

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25
Q

How far apart are the lines?

A

111 km apart

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26
Q

What are the latitude lines used for?

A

Political bounderies

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27
Q

What is the Prime Meridian?

A

It is an imaginary line that divides the earth into 2 equal parts, Eastern and Western hemispheres.

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28
Q

What is the starting point for longitude lines?

A

The Prime Meridian.

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29
Q

What is at the 180° meridian?

A

The International Date Line

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30
Q

How are the longitude lines drawn?

A

From the north to south poles

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31
Q

What are longitude lines used to determine?

A

Time Zones

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32
Q

What is an absolute location?

A

The location of a point on the earth using latitude and longitude lines

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33
Q

Name the landform regions of Canada?

A

The Canadian Shield, Interior Plains, Great lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, Hudson Bay/Arctic Lowlands, Appalachian Mountains, The Innitians Mountains and The Western Cordillera

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34
Q

Definition of weather.

A

The day to day occurrences, that have to do with temperature and precipitation. (Daily weather forecast)

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35
Q

Definition of Climate

A

The average temperature and precipitation in a certain area. The West Coast, southern Ontario etc.

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36
Q

What are the factors that affect climate? There is 5

A

Latitude, ocean currents, wind, elevation, relief and nearness to water

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37
Q

Does the distance from the equator (latitude) increase or decrease

A

Increases

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38
Q

The sun’s rays travel farther and hit the earth surface at an angle, which spreads the sun’s energy over a ______ area due to the earth’s _______.

A
  1. Larger

2. Curvature

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39
Q

Places _____ to the North and South poles experience _______ temperatures then those near the ______.

A
  1. Closer
  2. Colder
  3. Equator
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40
Q

The closer to the poles, the ______ the _______ because cooler air holds ______ moisture then warmer air.

A
  1. Cooler
  2. Climate
  3. Less
41
Q

_______, causes the temperature of an ocean current affects temperature of the air that passes over it?

A

Ocean Currents

42
Q

When ocean currents are warm they ______ temperatures; when they are ______ they _______ temperatures.

A
  1. Increase
  2. Cold
  3. Decrease
43
Q

___________ currents heat the air above the water causing a mild and wet ______.

A
  1. Warmer

2. Climate

44
Q

_________ currents lead to cold, dry climate, due to the fact that cold air cannot _____ as much water.

A
  1. Cooler

2. Hold

45
Q

An _______ is a large volume of air that takes on the _________ of an area where it’s formed.

A
  1. Air mass

2. Climatic conditions

46
Q

When air masses move off oceanic areas onto land, they bring _______ and when they move from _________, they bring ______ conditions.

A
  1. Moisture
  2. Inland locations
  3. Drier
47
Q

When Air moves from _____ pressure to _____ pressure, which causes _____.

A
  1. High
  2. Low
  3. Wind
48
Q

Temperature ________ as elevation ________.

A
  1. Decreases

2. Increases

49
Q

As the elevation increases, air _______ and loses pressure causing the temperature to be ________.

A
  1. Expands

2. Cooler

50
Q

As warm, moist air rises, its temperature cools causing ________ (clouds).

A
  1. Water vapor
51
Q

At higher elevations, you will see more _______, in the form of rain or snow

A
  1. Precipitation
52
Q

Mountains form a natural _______ that block _______ and air masses, this part of ________.

A
  1. Barrier
  2. Wind
  3. Relief
53
Q

________ can be quite different from one side to another on a mountain.

A
  1. Climate
54
Q

_________ side of a mountain (facing the ocean) is ______ because moist winds are forced to rise, cool and release their ________.

A
  1. Windward
  2. Wet
  3. Moisture
55
Q

____________ side of a mountain (Facing away from the ocean) is _____, as winds descend, they warm up and evaporate __________.

A
  1. Leeward
  2. Dry
  3. Moisture
56
Q

Precipitation is ________ next to ocean and water bodies and _________ where areas are located far inland.

A
  1. Increased

2. Decreased

57
Q

Oceans and large lakes heat up and cool down more ________ then land masses.

A
  1. Slowly
58
Q

Temperatures are __________ by the ocean (_______ summers, _______ winters) and are more extreme (_____ summers, _______ winters) in areas located far inland, away from oceans.

A
  1. Cooler
  2. Milder
  3. Hot
  4. Cold
59
Q

What does true dirt consist of?

A

Minerals
Bacteria and organic matter
Air
Moisture

60
Q

What do minerals in soil come from?

A

Parent material

61
Q

What is parent material made of?

A

It is usually rock, but can also be made of loose materials that have deposited by glaciers.

62
Q

How do minerals become part of the soil?

A

When rock is broken down by weathering.

63
Q

What is rock broken down into?

A

Sand, silt and clay

64
Q

How do plants use minerals?

A

Growth

65
Q

What happens when plants and animals die?

A

They are decomposed by bacteria in the soil.

66
Q

When organic material is broken down, what does it become?

A

Humus

67
Q

What does humus give to plants?

A

Provides nutrients and moisture for plants

68
Q

Where do plants need air?

A

Around their roots

69
Q

What does humus help produce

A

Air in the soil

70
Q

What does decaying matter allow for?

A

A lot of air pockets

71
Q

What also creates air pockets?

A

Worms, insects and small animals that tunnel through the soil.

72
Q

What does water dissolve in the soil?

A

Nutrients

73
Q

How do plants take up nutrients?

A

Through their roots

74
Q

What is water necessary for in the process that weathers rock and decay organic materials?

A

The chemical and physical processes

75
Q

Define ‘Topsoil’

A

It is rich in organic materials. Top of the soil. Dark brown in colour.

76
Q

Define ‘Subsoil’

A

Combined mineral and organic layer. Lighter brown in colour. Middle layer.

77
Q

Define ‘Parent Material’

A

Mineral materials from which the soil is made. Usually bedrock or glacier deposits.

78
Q

Define the ‘leaching process’

A

In a wet climate, continual downward movement of water this causes the water soluble minerals to go so deep that the plants roots cannot reach them.

79
Q

Define the ‘calcification process’

A

In a dry climate, the downward movement of water leaves behind minerals that were dissolved into the soil it this creates mineral rich the topsoil. If calcification is too great it can be very poisonous to the plant.

80
Q

What is natural vegetation?

A

Plants that grow without human interference

81
Q

How many types of vegetation are in Canada and what are they?

A

3 types

Tundra, forest and grassland

82
Q

What is a transition zone?

A

The characteristics of one region gradually change into those of the next.

83
Q

What is the predominant type of vegetation in Canada?

A

Forest vegetation

84
Q

What is considered the Tree line?

A

A line that marks the northern boundary of most tree growth

85
Q

Define ‘permafrost’

A

Permanently frozen ground

86
Q

What is the active layer of permafrost?

A

It thaws during the short summer, water cannot drain downward causing it to always be waterlogged in some areas.

87
Q

What a coniferous tree?

A

An evergreen or softwood tree

88
Q

What is a Deciduous tree?

A

A broadleaf or hardwood tree

89
Q

Describe the tundra

A

Most northernly region. Above tree line, permafrost. Located in nunavut and the northwest territories

90
Q

Describe the west coast forest

A

Temperate forest heavy rainfall mild climate. This equals huge trees lots of humus. Located around Vancouver and Vancouver Island.

91
Q

Describe Cordilleran Vegetation

A

Wide range of temperature, rainfall, soil, elevation. Soils of all types. From coniferous is forests to even cactuses. Covers most of BC and all of Yukon.

92
Q

Describe the Boreal and Taiga forest

A

Largest vegetation region in Canada. Humus layer is shallow. Taiga less dense then Boreal. Covers most of Canada. Longest growing season

93
Q

Describe the mixed forest

A

South of boreal and taiga forest. Mix of coniferous and deciduous trees. Leaching less of a problem. Transition zone. Covers a little of Ontario and Quebec and most of the Maritimes.

94
Q

Describe the Deciduous forest

A

Very small area, most has been cleared for farming. Hardwood trees, humus. Located in southwestern Ontario

95
Q

Describe the Grasslands

A

The parries, long grass, short grass. Very dry, little humus. Richest soil in Canada. Calcification.

96
Q

What are the vegetation regions?

A

Tundra, West coast forest, Cordilleran region, boreal and mixed forest, deciduous forest, grassland

97
Q

What is a landform

A

A piece of land that is unique with similar characteristics (ie. Canadian shield)

98
Q

What is a highland?

A

A mountain range. (ie. innutian mountains or the western cordillera)

99
Q

What is a lowland?

A

A land with a lower elevation than a mountain. (Ie. interior plains)

100
Q

Define metamorphic:

A

It is changed rock. If something happened it would just turn to magma

101
Q

Define igneous rock

A

It it the oldest

Geography (Grade 9) (3 decks)

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