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Ecology - Dynamics > Interactions - Competition Theory > Flashcards

Interactions - Competition Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

This is competition for resources between members of the same species

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2
Q

How is intra comp ecologically important?

A

In population regulation and evolutionary change

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3
Q

How does intra comp regulate populations?

A

Density-dependence limits resource availability, competition induces stronger survivorship.

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4
Q

Interspecific Competiton

A

This is competition between members of seperate species.

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5
Q

How is inter comp important?

A

Population regulation of bothj species, determines ecological structure

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6
Q

What does inter comp lead to?

A

Equilibrium of species-resource abundance of extinction of one species.

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7
Q

Interference Competition

A

The direct inhbition of a species ability to consume a resource

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8
Q

Exploitative Competition

A

Where one species reduces resources for the other, without species interaction

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9
Q

Diffuse Competition

A

Competition across an array of resources like plants with sunlight and water.

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10
Q

Why is competition theory hard to measure?

A

It happens slow enough for measurmenets to be difficult.

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11
Q

Ecological Succession

A

The change of species mix and habitat in an area changes over time

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12
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

Says two species cannot coexist if they occupy the same niche, if there is scarce demand for it.

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13
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

Establishes effects of habitat quality and diet choice of organisms spatial distribution.

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14
Q

What does CEP result in?

A

Loss or extinction of the lesser competitive species

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15
Q

Example of CEP…

A

1947 Hawaiii Agriculture Department released 32 parasitoids to control parasites, where after compeittion, only one species remained.

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16
Q

Carrying Capaciyu

A

Measures amount of resources in an ecosystem that can support a population

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17
Q

Rate of growth is dependent on density equation…

A

dN/dt = rN(1-N/k)

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18
Q

If N > K

A

Intraspecific competition removes individuals with high resource demand.

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19
Q

Logistic Equation

A

Can be used to relate population change to current population given growth rate R and carrying capacity K

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20
Q

When is a population at stable equilibrium?

A

When N = K

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21
Q

What is important to consider when calculating inter/intraspecific equations?

A

The type of interactions may have, like measuring effect of j removal of resource ultimately on i

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22
Q

How can species behaviour be introduced into Logistic equations?

A

Coefficient of Competition

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23
Q

Coefficient of Competition

A

This measures interspecific competiton relative to intraspecif compeititon

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24
Q

Multiplying population size of j by coefficient…

A

Converts j into units of the species i of which j has an effect

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25
Q

When is growth rate negative in logistic equation?

A

If dN/dt is over 1

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26
Q

How to conceptulaise intra/inter comp graphically?

A

Both species of equal sized, which if full N=K; if j regulated to coefficient of 0.5, taking up half square(consuming half resources?

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27
Q

Why is coefficient of competition divided by Ni?

A

Describes how many individuals of i use resoruces of species j, determining effect of i on j dN/dt

28
Q

How can logistic equation be used to predict how coexistence can occur?

A

By manipulating the equation so rate of growth are set in a stable population

29
Q

What does Nt = Ki - aijNj describe?

A

Equilibrium state of i is at carrying capacity,

30
Q

Apply Nt = Ki - aijNj…

A

50 species of i, with K of 150, dN/dt of 0.2 and a of 0.5 and J of 50, equilibrium potnetial is 125, can coexist

31
Q

What should Comp coefficient bet for co-existnece?

A

Less than 1

32
Q

What do Ni and Nj depend on?

A

Carrying capacity and competition coefficients, not size.

33
Q

Lotka Volterra Equation

A

Describes growth rate of i in presence of Nj of a competing species j

34
Q

When is coexistence possible?

A

When each species excel in using a resoruce that limits the other

35
Q

Example of CEP not applying?

A

Paradox of the Phytoplankton
Plants
Lake Victoria Nile perch

36
Q

Apparent Competition

A

Indirect interactions between population when two species are prey for the same predator.

37
Q

Describe apparent competition…

A

If predator favours species a, there will be more predators around to consume species b

38
Q

How might apparent competition result in population cycles?

A

If species A is preferred by predator due to abundance, species B is relieved of predation, growing to populations where predator consumes it over species A

39
Q

What is optimal foraging theory based on?

A

Organisms maximising net energy gain whilst minimizing energy expenditure through adaptations.

40
Q

What should OFT take into account?

A

Availability/Distribution of food and Risks/Benefits in Foraging strategies.

41
Q

What is an example of OFT?

A

Darwin finches.

42
Q

What can OFT models be used for?

A

Predictions of how beak morphology changes with changing seed resource for example.

43
Q

How may OFT be used in predator-prey interactions?

A

Predators maximise nutritional value of prey in tandem with expenditure in ease of catching them.

44
Q

Where can OFT be applied?

A

Conservation efforts like predicting limiting factors for wildlife populations.

45
Q

What is assumed in OFT predictions?

A

Distribution/abundance of prey, metabolic cost associated with foraging and predators ability to detect/capture prey.

46
Q

Logistic Equation

A

This is used to describe growth rate of a population over time taking into account intrinsic growth rate of the population and the environments carrying capacity.

47
Q

What is the formula for the logistic equation?

A

dN/dt=rN(1-N/k)

48
Q

What does dN/dt describe?

A

Rate of change of population over time (growth or decline_

49
Q

What is r in the logistic equation?

A

Intrinsic growth rate of the population, measuring population growth if there were no limiting factors.

50
Q

What does rN(1-N/k) represent?

A

Factors influencing rate of change.

51
Q

What does 1-N/K represent?

A

Fraction of carrying capacity availabie to population at a given time.
This is population net growth multiplying intrinsice growth rate to environmental factors.

52
Q

What if the logistic equation is close to 1?

A

qPopulation is growing rapidly, becoming smaller as population approaches carrying capacity

53
Q

Why is the ‘1’ included in the logistic equation?

A

To ensure the term (1-N/k) is positve, as negative not biologically possible.

54
Q

Coefficient of Competition

A

This is used to relate interactions between species and how their competition among shared resoruces such as food, water or space.

55
Q

What is the value range of COC?

A

0-1(0 being no competition and 1 being maximum)

56
Q

How is COC introduced into the logistic equation?

A

Introducing it as a multiplicative factor against K

57
Q

Multiplicative Factor

A

This is a number/symbol multiplied with a variable or an unknown quantitiy in an algebraic term.

58
Q

What is the equation of Logistic Growth with COC?

A

dN/dt=rN(1-N/(aK))

59
Q

What does dN/dt=rN(1-N/(aK)) measure?

A

Effects of competition against carrying capacity.

60
Q

When does carrying capacity reduce?

A

When a<1

61
Q

Give example of multiplying COC and K together?

A

a=0.2 and K=0.8 = 0.16

62
Q

How can the logistic equation with COC be used in conservation?

A

Relate potential of invasive species to outcompete natives, like estimating degree of plant compeietion.

63
Q

Lotka-Volterra Equations

A

These describe interactions between species competing for the same resource in an environment.

64
Q

Derive Nt = Ki - aijNj

A

Nt represents population size of i at time t
Ki is carrying capacity of species i
Nj is population size of species j at time t
Aij is COC measuring degree of which species j reduces growth rate of species i due to shared resource comp

65
Q

What does Nt = Ki - aijNj describe?

A

N of i is a function of its carrying capacity and the effect of competition from species j.

Ecology - Dynamics (9 decks)

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