Interacting with the Environment

Question 1

What are the two types of attention?

Answer 1

Selective attention and divided attention

Question 2

What is selective attention?

Answer 2

Process by which one input is attended to and the rest are tuned out

Question 3

What is the setup for dichotic listening?

Answer 3

Each ear hears a different dialogue, the individual is told to listen to info from one (attended channel) and ignore the other (unattended channel)

Question 4

What is the outcome of dichotic listening?

Answer 4

The listener is able to remember some of the message from the attended ear, but loses almost everything from the unattended eat

Question 5

Who thought of the brain as a processing system with limited capacity?

Answer 5

Donald Broadbent

Question 6

What is the Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention?

Answer 6

[insert picture]

Question 7

What is the phenomena where you are in a conversation and are not aware of any of the other conversations until you hear something relating to you?

Answer 7

The Cocktail Party Effect

Question 8

What is the problem with the Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention?

Answer 8

Doesn’t account for the Cocktail Party Effect

Question 9

How was the model of selective attention updated to account for the Cocktail Party Effect?

Answer 9

The information from the unattended ear is not completely filtered out, just dampened and still processed at some level

Question 10

What is Anne Treisman’s Attenuation Model?

Answer 10

Rather than a filter, the mind has an attenuator (like a volume knob)
[insert picture, p. 90]

Question 11

What, besides the Treisman Model of Selective Attention, can explain the Cocktail Party Effect?

Answer 11

Selective Priming

Question 12

What is Selective Priming?

Answer 12

People can be selectively primed to learn something, either by frequent encounters or expectation

Question 13

What is the following an example of:

We have heard our names frequently and are thus primed to hear them

Answer 13

Selective priming

Question 14

What model explains visual attention?

Answer 14

The Spotlight Model

Question 15

What is the Spotlight Model?

Answer 15

The spotlight is a beam shining within an individual’s visual field that represents the movement of attention. The shifting of attention requires us to unlock the beam from its current target, move the focus, and lock onto a new target

Question 16

What comes first, the shift in visual attention or the corresponding eye movement?

Answer 16

Shift in attention

Question 17

What are some aspects of an object that must be processed in the brain by feature detectors?

Answer 17

Color, shape, orientation, ect…

Question 18

What term describes a problem with visual processing?

Answer 18

Binding problem

Question 19

What is the binding problem?

Answer 19

How all the different aspects of an object are assembled together and related to a single object, rather than something else in the visual field

Question 20

What does divided attention concern?

Answer 20

When and if we are able to perform multiple tasks simultaneously

Question 21

Regarding multiple tasks, what does divided attention depend on?

Answer 21

The characteristics of the activities one is trying to multitask

Question 22

What is the resource model of attention?

Answer 22

We have a limited pool of resources on which to draw when performing multiple tasks

Question 23

What are the three factors associated with performance on multitasking?

Answer 23

Task similarity, familiarity, and practice

Question 24

What are controlled tasks?

Answer 24

Require flexibility and drain more resources, and are not typically multitasked

Question 25

What is the basic assumption inherent in information-processing models?

Answer 25

Information is taken from the environment, and systematically transformed while being processed in a series of steps

Question 26

What are the steps that information taken from the environment must pas through?

Answer 26

Attention, perception, and storage into memory

Question 27

What is the model of memory that sought to better define short term memory and renamed working memory?

Answer 27

Alan Baddeley’s model

Question 28

What are the three theories of attention?

Answer 28

Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention, the Treisman Attenuation Model of Selective Attention, and the Baddeley Model of Working Memory

Question 29

What are the four components of working memory?

Answer 29

The phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer, and a central executive

Question 30

Describe the Baddeley Model of Working Memory

Answer 30

[insert picture]

Question 31

What is the function of the phonological loop?

Answer 31

Allows us to repeat verbal information to help us remember it

Question 32

What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 32

It allows us to repeat mental images in order to help us remember them

Question 33

What is the function of the episodic buffer?

Answer 33

Where the information in the working memory can interact with the information in long term memory

Question 34

What is the function of the central executive?

Answer 34

Oversees the entire process by shifting and dividing attention

Question 35

Piaget thought that the process of cognitive development involved forming what?

Answer 35

Schemas

Question 36

What is a schema?

Answer 36

Mental framework that shape and is shaped by our experience

Question 37

As we encounter new experiences, we do one of two things:

Answer 37

Assimilate the experiences to our existing schema or accommodate our schema to the new experience

Question 38

What are Piaget’s stages of development and at what ages do they occur?

Answer 38

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
Pre-operational stage (2-7)
Concrete operational stage (7-11)
Formal operational stage (12-adulthood)