Intelligence Flashcards
Intelligence
Learning
Adapting
Understanding
Processing
Performing
Definitions of intelligence
Abstract thinking ability (Termon 1921)
Capacity to learn from experience (Dearborn 1921)
The capacity to acquire capaity
Ability to adapt to the environment (Colvin 1921)
What intelligence test measure (Boring 1923 - a fucking idiot )
Latent construct
accepted to be a latent construct
- we may not be sure or agree on what it is
- we focus on the behavioural consequences of intelligence which is what we MEASURE and PREDICT
Predictive validity of intelligence
correlated with virtually everything in our lives:
- grades
- job success/salary
- divorce, happiness
- jail
- longevity, health
25% of variation is accounted by IQ
-other factors are of course extremely important
what does intelligence predict
tests are good predictors
predict success better than grades
best predictor is a combination of intelligence tests and grades
best workplace performance predictor
bloom (1976) predicts the most variance in performance resulting from learning
Stanford Binet Test
Alfred Binet wanted an objective way to identify kids who needed more help at school
many abilities/tests
-drawing object, repeating digits, recognize coins, explain why statements did or did not make sense
score = mental age vs chronological age
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-3)
Verbal:
-Vocabulary, similarities, arithmetic, digit span, information, comprehension, letter-number sequencing
Performance
-Picture completion, digit symbol, block design, matrix reasoning, picture arrangement, symbol search, object assembly
Assumptions of intelligence testing
Reliability
- Stability of measurement
- Same score on different occasions
- Different scores on different people
Validity
- Measuring what is intended
- Is it a problem we don’t know exactly what is measured
- Predictive validity is key to intelligence measurement
General intelligence measures
if general is a set of various clusters that identify various types of ability then every intelligence test is in fact measuring general intelligence
theories and models of intelligence
Charles spearman (1863-1945) - General intelligence - G factor
Louis Thurston (1887-1955) -primary abilities/ many different abilities
Raymond Cattel (1905-1998) FLuid vs CRystallized
Single vs multiple
Howard Gardner
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Verbal-Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Nauralistic
Intrapersonal
Visual-spatial
FLuid vs Crystallised
Fluid = mental processes rather than specific information
Crystallised = a persons knowledge base, increases with age
Neural correlates of intelligence
Mental speed/processing sped
-High correlation between IQ and reaction times
Working memory
brain size
body to cortex ratio predicts intelligence between species
between humans , correlation of,3 between size of frontal lobes and intelligence scores
genes and intelligence
twin studies show intelligence is highly heritable (50-70%)
-other factors such as birth weight, breastfeeding, birth order, exposure to language are also important
intelligence across the lifespan
Ian Deary and colleagues at the university of edinburg retested 80-year-old-scots, using an intelligence test they had taken as 11-year olds. Across seven decades, score correlated .66
Using the same sample, these researchers also found that IQ correlates with LONGEVITY. Among girls scoring in the highest 25%, 70percent were alive at age 76, compared to only 45% of the girls who scored in the bottom 25%
INtelligence across time
flyn affect - increasing by 3 points a decade
spearman - two factor theory
general intelligence (g) is linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis
- people who do well on vocabulary tests do well on paragraph comprehension tests, a cluster than helps you define intelligence
- other factors include: spatial ability factor or a reasoning ability factor
G factor is inate
thurstone 7 mental abilities
- word fluency
- verbal comprehension
- spatial ability
- peceptual speed
- numerical ability
- inductive reasoning
- memory
the 7 mental abilities tend to cluster, suggesting some evidence of a g factor
wechsler
defended non-intellective factors - variables that contribute to the overall score in intelligence but not made up of intelligence-related items (confidence, fear of failure, attitudes etc)
Not reliant on time to complete tasks
Point scale concept significantly changed the way testing was done by assigning credits or points to each item
-allowed for an analysis to be made of an individuals ability in a variety of content areas
Non verbal performance scale
-attempted to overcome biases that were cause by “language, culture and education.”
guilford - structure of intellect
intelligence viewed as comprising operations, contents and products
each dimension is independent
total 150 components
sternberg - triarchic theory
3 intelligences
- analytical
- creative
- practical
these facets may be less independent than sternberg originally though, could be further evidence of a g factor
carroll - three stratum theory
three-layered model where each layer accounts for the variations in the correlations with the previous layer
- g factor
- broad abilities :
- crystallized
- general memory
- visual perception
- auditory perception
- retrieval ability
- cognitive speed
- processing speed - specific factors under broad abilities
