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Developmental Psychology: Child > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to learn, think logically about abstract concepts, and adapt to
the environment

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2
Q

Origin of Intelligence theory and measurement

A
  • Alfred Binet (1904)
  • Mental Age: level of mental development compared to other
  • William Stern (1912)
  • Intelligence Quotient: MA/CA x 100=IQ
  • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Tests
  • Approximate normal distribution
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3
Q

Spearman’s Two-Factor

Theory of Intelligence

A 
 General Intelligence
(g): broad thinking
ability; “mental power”
that underlies all
intellectual tasks;
neurologically based
 Specific Intelligence
(s): abilities in
particular areas
(verbal, nonverbal,
etc); learned/honed
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4
Q

Cattell and Horn’s two factor theory

A 
- Fluid Ability: biologically
based ability to think, to
reason
- Crystallized Ability:
acquired knowledge and
skills
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5
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A

Three interrelated subtheories used to explain how mental processes,
situations, and experience relate to intelligence
• Componential: analytical intelligence
• Experiential: creative intelligence
• Contextual: practical intelligence

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6
Q

analytical (g)

A
  • Ability to
  • think abstractly
  • Process information
  • Analyze, evaluate, judge
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7
Q

creative

A
  • Ability to
  • formulate new ideas
  • Combine seemingly unrelated information
  • Create, design, event
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8
Q

practical

A 
Ability to
•Adapt to environment
•Shape environment to maximize effectiveness (strengths and
weaknesses)
•Use, apply, implement
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9
Q

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

• “an intelligence is a biopsychological potential to process information that can be
activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of
value in culture.”
• Contends that there is no “g” factor
• Overall level of functioning is determined by interaction of strengths and weaknesses
(intelligences) with cultural setting
• 7-9 intelligences, which may or may not be fully realized based on environmental influences

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10
Q

Criticisms of Gardner & MI theories

A

 Redundant (Lacks parsimony)
 Vague
 Lacks executive processor
 Doesn’t hold up to statistical analysis (factor analysis)

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11
Q

Creativity

A

• Original thinking and problem-solving that produces a product valued by
society
• Ability to do things in new or different ways
• Divergent (vs. Convergent)
• Brainstorming, free writing, etc.
• Thinking outside the box

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12
Q

Divergent thinking

A
  • Higher scores on word fluency and reading tests
  • Associated with Extroversion and Openness (5 Factor Model)
  • Loose memory networks
  • Right brain (especially temporal lobe)
  • Alcohol, humor, and sleep all increase creativity
  • Greater WMC decreases creativity
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13
Q

Nature or nurture: The scientific data

A

• Higher order thinking- structural & functional neural networks:
frontal, parietal, temp lobes and cerebellum
• Correlations:
• Brain size
• Processing speed
• Brain efficiency hypothesis (related to glucose metabolism rates)
• Heritability: .75 (strong)
• Enriched environments produce changes in IQ
• Most notable in impoverished environments
• Average IQ is increasing over time
• Evidence of critical periods of development dependent upon stimulation

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14
Q

Assessment of Intelligence

A
  • Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
  • Originally (mental age /chronological age) x 100; average IQ is 100
  • Intelligence tests:
  • Binet-Simon scale (1905)
  • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 1916-)
  • Now in 5th Edition
  • The Wechsler Scales
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15
Q

The Wechsler Scales

A
  • WAIS-IV: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (4th edition)
  • Age 16 and up
  • WISC-IV: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th edition)
  • Age 6 to 16
  • WPPSI-IV: Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
  • Age 2.5 to 7
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16
Q

The Wechsler Scales

A
  • 15 subtests (10 basic, 5 optional)
  • Time of Administration: 90-120 min
  • 5 Index Scores
  • FSIQ= Full Scale Intelligence Quotient
  • Average of Four Indices:
  • Verbal Comprehension
  • Perceptual Reasoning
  • Working Memory
  • Processing Speed
17
Q

Verbal Comprehension

A

capacity to reason using learned information

and verbal expression

18
Q

Perceptual Reasoning

A

capacity to reason using visual stimuli

19
Q

Working Memory

A

capacity to retain information and work with

it/manipulate it in real time

20
Q

Processing Speed

A

capacity to complete simple tasks with speed and

accuracy

21
Q

Problematic Issues in IQ Assessment

A

• Controversy related to underlying nature/definition of intelligence
• Difficulty measuring/testing theories of intelligence of abstract skills
(e.g., Gardner)
• Cultural bias in testing
• Various factors can reduce validity/reliability of measures
• Language, fatigue, ADHD, mental illness, time of day, inexperience/lack
of training of evaluator, etc.

22
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

• Previously referred to as Mental Retardation
• Subaverage intellectual functioning, accompanied by
limitations in adaptive functioning
• IQ below 70 (mean=100, SD=15)
• Deficits in adaptive skills (self-care, work, social,
communication, health and safety)
• Must occur before 18
• Subtypes: IQ between…
• Mild: 50-55 and 70 (Mental Age:8-10 yrs); 85% of MR
• Moderate: 35-40 and 50-55 (MA: 4-7); 10% of MR
• Severe: 20-25 and 35-40 (MA:<4);3-4% of MR
• Profound Retardation: IQ below 20-25; 1-2% of MR

23
Q

Causal Factors in ID

A
  • Brain defects
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • Trisomy 21
  • Fragile X
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)-recessive
  • Infections and Toxic agents
  • Encephalitis, genital herpes, syphillis, HIV, German measles
  • Carbon monoxide, lead
  • Vaccines (rare!)
  • Drug/Alc exposure in utero
  • Brain trauma/injury
  • Radiation
  • Malnutrition
  • Other brain abnormalities
24
Q

Giftedness

A

extraordinary talent or achievement in one or more areas
• In many school districts, above average IQ score is required (above 130 or 140)
plus high achievement in one or more areas
• Precocious, independent, voracious learners
• Internally driven to master their interest

25
Q

Specific Learning Disorder

A
  • Reading : Fluency and Comprehension
  • Mathematics: Calculation and Reasoning
  • Written Expression
26
Q

Communication Disorders

A
  • Language Disorder
  • Speech Sounds Disorder
  • Social Communication Disorder
  • Child Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
27
Q

Treatment for Learning Disorders and ID

A
  • Special Education
  • Least Restrictive Environment
  • Extra academic support
  • Alternative learning strategies
  • Accommodations, Compensatory Strategies, Alternative schools
  • Vocational training
  • Life-skills classes
  • Mainstreaming
  • Severe ID: High level of care
  • Institutionalization, day treatment, assisted living

Developmental Psychology: Child (7 decks)

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