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Individual Differences > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Spearman (1863-1945)

A

rank correlation

non parametric

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2
Q

Pearson

A

correlations

relationship between two sets of scores

chance finding

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3
Q

Correlation

A

relationship between two variables

direction and degree

correlation coefficient doesn’t predict

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4
Q

Positive manifold

A

positive correlations more than negative

if good at one test, tend to be good at others

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5
Q

Spearmans 2 factor theory

A

ability required to perform types of tests

1- general intelligence

2- different abilities eg. spatial, mathematical ect.

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6
Q

2 types of general intelligence

A

fluid intelligence - non.verbal, intelligence that you’ve never encountered before

crystallised intelligence - learning knowledge that is there forever, application of things that have already been learnt

fluid intelligence can lead to crystallised intelligence

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7
Q

McNeil and Burges (2002)

A

we learn arithmetic at school.
elderly man with dementia, lose ability to work out mathematical problem - loss of crystallised intelligence - lost ability to do maths

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8
Q

Shallice and Burges (1991)

A

3 neurological patients

damage to their frontal lobes, all had same IQs but different disabilities

multiple errands task - instructed to go around shopping centre

rostral pre frontal cortex

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9
Q

Duncan (2000)

A

see where ‘g’ is located
found that it is in the lateral prefrontal cortex using PET studies
linked to fluid intelligence
compared between high and low ‘g’ tasks

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10
Q

Gilbert et al (2006)

A

meta analysis of functional neuroimaging studies - different regions of rostral prefrontal cortex

intelligent abilities - added different abilities to what general intelligence is … i.e. multitasking and mentalising

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11
Q

Duncan et al (2010)

A

21 neurological patients with focal lesions for executive tasks - adjusting for fluid intelligence

impaired on tests that could not be explained by fluid intelligence

rostral prefrontal cortex, especially int eh right hemisphere

rostral prefrontal cortex causes an impairment

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12
Q

Yang and Sternberg

A

Chinese - cognitive, interpersonal intelligence, modest

American - practical problems, verbal ability, fluid thought

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13
Q

Wber

A

differ within cultural background

Baganda - mental order
Batoro - mental turmoil

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14
Q

Serpell

A

English - drawing

Zambian - hands and making

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15
Q

Super

A

children - social relations and comprehension

adults - inverntiveness

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16
Q

Stanford Binet test

A

intelligence is a scale for children consisting of complex problems - notion of mental age, and subsequent problems have a sensory test

17
Q

the bell curve debate

A

genetics and sock economic group effecting IQ score

bigger brains are weakly associated with better performance

18
Q

Murdoch

A

misuse of IQ tests in Nazi Germany for steralisation

19
Q

Kamin

A

misuse of IQ tests in the 1920s for immigration into the USA

20
Q

Broca

A

link between brain size and IQ

21
Q

Ho et al

A

black people on average have smaller brain sizes the white people

22
Q

Van Valen

A

brain sizes getting bigger due to evolution - ethical issues as suggests that brain people aren’t evolving as rapidly as white people

23
Q

Mackintosh

A

dif ethnic groups perform differently on different IQ measures

24
Q

Bouchard et al

A

twin correlational studies - IQ correlates 0.86 and 0.6 respectively for MZ and DZ twins

25
Q

Minnesota trans-racial adoption study

A

children of black biological parents adopted into white families

still have IQ disadvantages

problems with aspects of brain development occur in the womb

26
Q

The Flynn Effect

A

IQ getting better - mostly in industrialised countries

27
Q

Bolton

A

missed veining meal or not

pps performed worse when missed an evening meal - socio environment

28
Q

Gilbert

A

small changes in task instruction

29
Q

Changes in the Brain as we get older

A 
gray matter decreases
like cardiovascular - undesirable 
some changes are necessary
synaptic pruning 
can protect again illness such as mental disorder 
invested interest
30
Q

Rabbitt

A

do we lose it all? brains change over the years , such as reaction times are a lot longer

31
Q

Shafto

A

top of the tongue - ability to isolate different phenomenas with different parts of the brain

32
Q

Nyberg

A

cross sectional - early onset of decline

longitudinal - positive gradient until age 60 and then decline

33
Q

cross sectional vs. longitudinal

A

cross sectional - cheap, fast, easy, but cohort difference

longitudinal study - demoes cohort differences, expensive, takes a long time, high drop out rate

34
Q

Betula project

A

3000 pps, tested 5 years apart - longitudinal

episodic memory - things that happen in life are different from one another

semantic memory decreases slightly with age
stimulus

as people get older they differ more from each other

different cognitive abilities change at different rates

35
Q

why people get more different as they age

A

1- illness e.g. non-insulin dependent diabetes
2- Nilsson - health effects on memory
3- increase in strategies learnt, plasticity
4- changes in neural plasticity
5- variation in physical or mental ability before and after retirement
6- cortical atrophy, shrinking of the brain
7- Raz - men and women have different trajectories in changes of brain volume. men and women change over a life-span
8- Lovenden - 2 groups, walking n treadmill with or without a virtual environment. hippocampal activation

36
Q

The Ageing Puzzle

A

1- be intellectually engaged, but Nyberg et al - education does not help maintain performances in older ages
2- maintain cardiovascular activity, helps executive functioning, reduces declines in tissue density, removal of teeth
3-minimise chronic stressors - distress associated with a risk of Alzheimers disease and faster rate of cognitive decline
4- maintain a brain healthy diet, high in mono and poly unsaturated fats. might slow down cognitive decline and prevent progression to Alzheimers disease
5- use to or lose it complex - complex lifetime occupation predicts higher cognitive performance

37
Q

Dwonda et al

A

older people are happier

life satisfaction - more fulfilled

milestones through life

38
Q

Alice Heim

A

where did i put my spectacle?

surveys - physical confidence decreases with age

mental and social confidence increases with age

people become more stoic and accepting of unpleasant experiences

older people become more tolerant of those with different views

Individual Differences (4 decks)

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