intelligence Flashcards
what does IQ stand for
intelligence quotient
what are advantages of non-verbal IQ tests
eliminates issues with language, verbal abilities and cultural differences
what did Francis Galton argue
- intelligence is a product of natural selection, thus must be genetically determined
- saw potential in theory of evolution planned human betterment
what did binet and simon develop
1st IQ tests to measure student abilities for education purposes
what did Lewis Terman and Maud Merrill do
- devised the Stanford-Binet scale
- studied a sample of gifted children throughout their lives
- highly intelligent individuals not weaklings and misfits but healthy and stable
what did Lewis Terman also do
- military use to assign soldiers to tasks appropriate for their ability in WW1
- eugenics
what did Cyril Burt do
- advised the government to use aptitude tests to determine which children will go to grammar schools
- his research on intelligence seemed to suggest that occupational levels and social class are determined by innate and hereditary levels of intelligence
what issues are there with intelligence tests
- cultural bias
- favour groups from more affluent backgrounds and discriminate against less privileged racial, ethnic or social groups
what is an example of an intelligence test
raven’s progressive matrices
what are examples of more recent IQ tests
- WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children)
- WASI (Wechsler Adult scale for intelligence)
what is degree of genetic relatedness
looking at people with various degreed of relatedness can give us an understanding of the genetic basis of a concept
what is atheoretical definition of intelligence
intelligence is what IQ tests measure
- no theory of intelligence that will determine what questions should be included in an IQ test
- however IQ tests correlate with each other and other measures
what is generalised intelligence
- a single construct that influences all cognitive thinking
- demonstrated through correlations of performance on different tests
- stanford-binet
- raven’s progressive matrices
how is intelligence a multiple construct
- fluid intelligence
- crystalised intelligence
- supported by correlations
- both interact
- relatively stable
what is fluid intelligence
cognitive functioning component not influenced by environment, fixed throughout lifetime
what is crystalised intelligence
stored factual information, benefits from schooling can change throughout life span
how do we examine whether intelligence is determined by genes or the environment
- twin studies
- degree of genetic relatedness
what did Bouchard and McGue 1981 find
- twin studies
- strong correlation for identical twins reared together and when reared apart
what did Elardo et al 1975 find
- interaction between parents and children related to IQ later on?
- found positive interactions with mother correlated with IQ later in life
what did Benton and Roberts find about diet and nutrition
- 6 yr old children
- 50% rook vitamin everyday
- 50% took placebo
- found children in experimental group had higher IQ
- only if they had a previous poor diet
what did owen et al 2010 find about IQ and cognitive training
- five cognitive domains e.g. memory, attention for 6 weeks
- pps became better at the cognitive tasks they trained on but these effects did not generalise
what did zajonc find about IQ and birth order
- confluence model
- first born more time with intelligent adults
- as number of children increase, children spend more time with each other and interactions between children is not as stimulating as with adults
what did Blake 1981 find about IQ and birth order
- dilution model
- first or alone child spends significant time with adults, gets more attention
- as the number of siblings increases, time spent with each child decreases
what is the flynn effect
- can’t be evolutionary
- improvements in education, nutrition and supportive parenting styles