intelligence Flashcards
what does IQ stand for?
intelligence quotient
what is IQ?
index of an individual’s intelligence score
what are the two types of IQ test?
verbal and non verbal
what are advantages of non verbal IQ tests?
eliminates issues with language, verbal abilities and cultural differences
what did Galton investigate regarding intelligence?
intelligence is a product of natural selection, so must be genetically determined
evolution means humans improve themselves
what did Binet and Simon investigate regarding intelligence?
developed 1st IQ tests to measure students abilities for education purposes
what did Terman and Merrill investigate regarding intelligence?
produced the Stanford Binet scale
studied a sample of ‘gifted’ children in a longitudnal study
found highly intelligent individuals were not misfits but were healthy and stable
what did Terman investigate regarding intelligence?
-used tests to assign soldiers to appropriate tasks in WW1
-investigated eugenics= promoting selective breeding to produce desirable characteristics
what did Burt investigate regarding intelligence?
advised government to use 11+ test to see which children would go to a grammar school
suggested occupation levels and social class are detemined by innate inheritence
what are issues with intelligence research?
cultural bias in how the tests are constructed
tests favour affluent backgrounds and discriminate against minority groups
what is the WISC IQ test?
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
what is the WASI IQ test?
Wechsler Adult Scale for Intelligence
what is genotype?
genetic makeup of an organism
what is phenotype?
observable physical properties of an organism, including the organism’s appearance, development and behaviour
what is phenotype?
interaction of genes and the environment
can we measure genotype or phenotype?
phenotype
what is degree of genetic relatedness?
look at people who are related in different ways
this gives us the understanding of a genetic basis of a concept
what distribution does IQ follow?
normal distribution
average is 100
what is the atheoretical definiton of intelligence?
IQ tests measure intelligence
what is correlation?
statistical test examining the relationship between 2+ variables
what are the two approaches for intelligence?
generalised intelligence= single construct which influences all cognitive functioning
or a multiple construct= made of fluid and crystallised intelligence
what is fluid intelligence?
cognitive functioning component not influenced by the environment, fixed throughout a lifetime
what is crystallised intelligence?
stores factual information, benefits from education can chnage it throughout a lifespan
what are twin studies useful for?
examining genetic characteristics
what are issues with twin studies?
hard to separate genetic and environmental factors
what are examples of environmental factors?
the environment in the womb
the family environment
what does Elardo suggest makes a quality family environment?
mother’s voice conveys positive feeling when speaking to children
mother structures child’s play and takes child out of the house frequently
provides age appropriate learning equipment and reads stories to child
vocalises to child frequently
shouts at child infrequently
how did Elardo investigate the quality of the family environment?
observed children at 6 and 24 months
tested children’s IQ at 3 and 4.5 years
rating of family when child 6 months correlated with IQ at 4.5
rating of family when child 24 months correlated with IQ at 3
what is covariance between inheritance and environment?
intelligent children tend to have intelligent parents who provide an enriched environment
what is the transactional process?
intelligent children have an intelligent response, which further feeds their development
cannot specify which part of intelligence is due to genes and what is due to the environment
what happened in a study looking at the relationship between diet and nurtition?
study with 6 year olds
half took a vitamin supplement everyday for 3 months, half took a placebo
IQ measured before and after study
what were the results for the relationship between IQ and nurtition?
children in experimental group had a greater IQ increase compared to the control
however, this increase was only observed in children with very poor nutrition
how was the relationship between IQ and cognitive training investigated?
participants took part in a 6 week training period
looked at 5 domains: reasoning/memory/planning/visuospatial skills/attention
what were the results for the relationship between IQ and cognitive training?
participants became better at the cognitive tasks they trained on
but these effects didn’t generalise to other tasks and everyday cognition
what does the confluence model suggest about IQ and birth order?
first born children spend more time with intelligent adults
as number of siblings increases, children spend more time with each other
interactions between children are not as stimulating as between a child and adults
what does the dilution model suggest about IQ and birth order?
parental finite resources
first/alone child spends more time with adults, and gets a lot of attention
as the number of siblings increases, parents spend less time with each child= less stimulating environment
what is the relationship between IQ and birth order?
single or 1st born children tend to be smarter than their younger siblings
what is the Flynn effect?
IQ improved over time
can’t be evolutionary
due to improvements in education, nutrition and supportive parenting styles
why can we learn about inheritence from new born babies?
little/no time to learn so their behaviour is genetically determined
what is the Stanford Binet test?
modern version of the first IQ test- tests verbal and nonverbal items
