INTELLIGENCE Flashcards
What is intelligence?
Ability to:
learn from experience
Solve problems
Use knowledge to adapt to environment
What are characteristics of intelligence?
Problem-solving
Abstract Thinking / Reasoning
Capacity to learn / Acquire knowledge
Why do concepts of intelligence differ?
Because cultural environments differ
What did Galton try to demonstrate?
Biological basis for eminence
What 3 measures did Galton develop?
Reaction speed
Hand strength
Sensory acuity
What were Binet’s 3 assumptions?
Mental abilities develop with age
Intelligence underlies reasoning, thinking, and problem-solving.
Rate of mental competence is fairly constant over time
Binet & Simon developed what in 1904?
A set of age-graded intellectual tasks to compare Mental Age with Chronological Age.
Henry Goddard brought Binet & Simon’s test to the U.S. in 1910 to identify what?
Mentally retarded children
How did Henry Goddard view intelligence?
As a fixed entity
What else was the Binet and Simon intelligence test used for by the U.S.A. in 1910
To screen immigrants
What was Willian Stern’s IQ formula?
Mental age divided by chronological age times 100
What is the psychometric approach?
It establishes how many classes of mental ability underlie performance
Who categorised Chrystalised intelligence and Fluid intelligence?
Cattel and Horn
What is Chrystalised intelligence?
applying previously learned knowledge
What is Fluid intelligence?
Novel problem solving
What are the 3 levels of Carroll’s stratum model?
G = General intelligence
Cognitive skills
Perceptual skills
What do Cognitive process theories focus on?
information processing abilities
Sternberg’s triarchic theory includes what?
Specific cognitive processes that underlie intelligent behaviour
Sternberg differentiates between 3 forms of intelligence. What are they?
Practical
Analytical
Creative
Gardner preposes how many kinds of intelligence?
9 including personal and emotional
What do Achievement tests measure?
What has already been learned
What 3 things do the Wechsler scales measure?
Global IQ
Verbal IQ
Performance IQ
Besides the Wechsler scales, what do other scales provide?
Separate scores for Crystallised intelligence and Fluid intelligence & Practical intelligence Analytical intelligence Creative intelligence
What do Aptitude tests measure?
Potential for future learning and performance
What do most intelligence tests measure?
A combination of achievement and aptitude
What are the 3 standards for psychological testing?
Reliability
Validity
Standardisation
What is reliability?
Consistency of measurement over time, within tests and across scorers
What is validity?
Does it measure what it claims to measure successfully
What is standardisation?
Development of norms and standard testing conditions
IQ scores successfully predict what?
Outcomes in Academic Occupation Life inc. how long people live and adaptational skills
What is the Flynn effect?
The rise in intelligence scores over the past century
What has caused the Flynn effect?
Possibly
Better living conditions
More schooling
More complex environments
What is dynamic testing?
It is done after the static IQ test to measure how the respondent utilises the guided feedback given by the examiner
What are 2 types of intelligence tests for non-Western cultures
- Tests not tied to any culture knowledge base
2. Tests that measure important adaptation skills in a culture
Evidence suggests there are 3 factors relating to intelligent brains
- They are larger
- Function more efficiently.
3 Differences in brain plasticity may underlie intelligence
Intelligence is determined by 3 interacting factors. What are they?
Hereditary
Environmental
Social
Genes account for what percentage of population variation in IQ?
50-70%
Shared family environment accounts for what percentage of population variation in IQ in childhood?
25%-33%
In impoverished families, shared environment has been found to be
A. more important than genes
B. less important than genes
more important then genes
In affluent families, shared environment has been found to be
A. more important than genes
B. less important than genes
less important than genes
Twin studies show that heritability effects on intelligence do what in adulthood?
Increase
Intervention programs for disadvantaged are only effective if they are applied
early and intensively
Are there cultural and ethnic differences in intelligence?
yes but narrowing
What is it about the genetic, environmental and social factors that are still in question?
Their relative contributions
Do intelligence tests exhibit outcome bias toward minorities?
Is a point of contention
Do intelligence tests exhibit predictive bias toward minorities?
They do not appear to
Men tend to score higher than women on what 2 tasks
Spatial tasks
and
Mathematical reasoning tasks
Women tend to score higher than men on what 4 tasks?
Perceptual speed
Verbal fluency
Mathematical calculation
Fine motor coordination
What is stereotype threat?
Belief that a specific behaviour would confirm a negative stereotype by others and this, in turn, becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy
The vast majority of disabled are able to function in mainstream society given what?
appropriate support
Those who achieve eminence tend to have what 2 drives in their chosen activities?
High levels of interest
High levels of motivation
Cognitive disability can range from what to what?
Mild to Profound
Who developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale?
Lewis Terman translated and updated Binet’s test at Stanford University in 1916
What is Eugenics?
The idea that children with a lower IQ are genetically inferior
What are the 5 measures of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?
- Fluid reasoning
- Knowledge
- Quantitative reasoning
- Visual-Spatial processing
- Working memory
Does William Stern’s IQ calculation work?
Formula is ok for children but does not work for adults
How is IQ calculated for adults?
It is calculated in relation to performance of others of the same age
