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Foundations of Psychology > INTELLIGENCE > Flashcards

INTELLIGENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is intelligence?

A

Ability to:
learn from experience
Solve problems
Use knowledge to adapt to environment

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2
Q

What are characteristics of intelligence?

A

Problem-solving
Abstract Thinking / Reasoning
Capacity to learn / Acquire knowledge

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3
Q

Why do concepts of intelligence differ?

A

Because cultural environments differ

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4
Q

What did Galton try to demonstrate?

A

Biological basis for eminence

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5
Q

What 3 measures did Galton develop?

A

Reaction speed
Hand strength
Sensory acuity

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6
Q

What were Binet’s 3 assumptions?

A

Mental abilities develop with age
Intelligence underlies reasoning, thinking, and problem-solving.
Rate of mental competence is fairly constant over time

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7
Q

Binet & Simon developed what in 1904?

A

A set of age-graded intellectual tasks to compare Mental Age with Chronological Age.

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8
Q

Henry Goddard brought Binet & Simon’s test to the U.S. in 1910 to identify what?

A

Mentally retarded children

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9
Q

How did Henry Goddard view intelligence?

A

As a fixed entity

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10
Q

What else was the Binet and Simon intelligence test used for by the U.S.A. in 1910

A

To screen immigrants

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11
Q

What was Willian Stern’s IQ formula?

A

Mental age divided by chronological age times 100

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12
Q

What is the psychometric approach?

A

It establishes how many classes of mental ability underlie performance

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13
Q

Who categorised Chrystalised intelligence and Fluid intelligence?

A

Cattel and Horn

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14
Q

What is Chrystalised intelligence?

A

applying previously learned knowledge

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15
Q

What is Fluid intelligence?

A

Novel problem solving

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16
Q

What are the 3 levels of Carroll’s stratum model?

A

G = General intelligence
Cognitive skills
Perceptual skills

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17
Q

What do Cognitive process theories focus on?

A

information processing abilities

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18
Q

Sternberg’s triarchic theory includes what?

A

Specific cognitive processes that underlie intelligent behaviour

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19
Q

Sternberg differentiates between 3 forms of intelligence. What are they?

A

Practical
Analytical
Creative

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20
Q

Gardner preposes how many kinds of intelligence?

A

9 including personal and emotional

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21
Q

What do Achievement tests measure?

A

What has already been learned

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22
Q

What 3 things do the Wechsler scales measure?

A

Global IQ
Verbal IQ
Performance IQ

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23
Q

Besides the Wechsler scales, what do other scales provide?

A 
Separate scores for
Crystallised intelligence and Fluid intelligence
&
Practical intelligence
Analytical intelligence
Creative intelligence
24
Q

What do Aptitude tests measure?

A

Potential for future learning and performance

25
Q

What do most intelligence tests measure?

A

A combination of achievement and aptitude

26
Q

What are the 3 standards for psychological testing?

A

Reliability
Validity
Standardisation

27
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of measurement over time, within tests and across scorers

28
Q

What is validity?

A

Does it measure what it claims to measure successfully

29
Q

What is standardisation?

A

Development of norms and standard testing conditions

30
Q

IQ scores successfully predict what?

A 
Outcomes in
Academic
Occupation
Life 
inc. how long people live and adaptational skills
31
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

The rise in intelligence scores over the past century

32
Q

What has caused the Flynn effect?

A

Possibly
Better living conditions
More schooling
More complex environments

33
Q

What is dynamic testing?

A

It is done after the static IQ test to measure how the respondent utilises the guided feedback given by the examiner

34
Q

What are 2 types of intelligence tests for non-Western cultures

A
  1. Tests not tied to any culture knowledge base

2. Tests that measure important adaptation skills in a culture

35
Q

Evidence suggests there are 3 factors relating to intelligent brains

A
  1. They are larger
  2. Function more efficiently.
    3 Differences in brain plasticity may underlie intelligence
36
Q

Intelligence is determined by 3 interacting factors. What are they?

A

Hereditary
Environmental
Social

37
Q

Genes account for what percentage of population variation in IQ?

A

50-70%

38
Q

Shared family environment accounts for what percentage of population variation in IQ in childhood?

A

25%-33%

39
Q

In impoverished families, shared environment has been found to be
A. more important than genes
B. less important than genes

A

more important then genes

40
Q

In affluent families, shared environment has been found to be
A. more important than genes
B. less important than genes

A

less important than genes

41
Q

Twin studies show that heritability effects on intelligence do what in adulthood?

A

Increase

42
Q

Intervention programs for disadvantaged are only effective if they are applied

A

early and intensively

43
Q

Are there cultural and ethnic differences in intelligence?

A

yes but narrowing

44
Q

What is it about the genetic, environmental and social factors that are still in question?

A

Their relative contributions

45
Q

Do intelligence tests exhibit outcome bias toward minorities?

A

Is a point of contention

46
Q

Do intelligence tests exhibit predictive bias toward minorities?

A

They do not appear to

47
Q

Men tend to score higher than women on what 2 tasks

A

Spatial tasks
and
Mathematical reasoning tasks

48
Q

Women tend to score higher than men on what 4 tasks?

A

Perceptual speed
Verbal fluency
Mathematical calculation
Fine motor coordination

49
Q

What is stereotype threat?

A

Belief that a specific behaviour would confirm a negative stereotype by others and this, in turn, becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy

50
Q

The vast majority of disabled are able to function in mainstream society given what?

A

appropriate support

51
Q

Those who achieve eminence tend to have what 2 drives in their chosen activities?

A

High levels of interest

High levels of motivation

52
Q

Cognitive disability can range from what to what?

A

Mild to Profound

53
Q

Who developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale?

A

Lewis Terman translated and updated Binet’s test at Stanford University in 1916

54
Q

What is Eugenics?

A

The idea that children with a lower IQ are genetically inferior

55
Q

What are the 5 measures of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

A
  1. Fluid reasoning
  2. Knowledge
  3. Quantitative reasoning
  4. Visual-Spatial processing
  5. Working memory
56
Q

Does William Stern’s IQ calculation work?

A

Formula is ok for children but does not work for adults

57
Q

How is IQ calculated for adults?

A

It is calculated in relation to performance of others of the same age

Foundations of Psychology (5 decks)

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