COGNITION & LANGUAGE Flashcards
What is a phoneme
Smallest unit of sound affecting speech
What is a Morpheme
Smallest unit of language that contains meaning
The capacity for limitless message creation is referred to
Generativity
What is Syntax
Rules for sentence structure
What is Semantics
Rules what words mean depending on where they are placed in a sentence
What is speech segmentation
The process of making sense of the blurred sounds of language using top-down processing that predicts what we are likely to hear which all happens outside of our awareness
What is Aphasia
brain damage affecting language abilities
When do infants begin to learn language
Immediately upon exposure long before they can talk
What are the infants stages of speech
Babbling
One word stage
Two word stage
What is the critical time for learning a first language
early childhood to puberty
To recognise words efficiently the person must process all letter information in ——————
parallel
What is dyslexia
difficulty with processing the visual skill of reading
what is the ideal age for learning a second language
3 to 7 years, especially for pronunciation. Children are not faster than adults but do find it easier
What is cognition
the mental processes at any one time including those outside of our awareness
What is thinking
manipulating mental representations or words for a purpose
Problem solving and reasoning are
effortful and require our full attention
What are Heuristics
simple rules of thumb based on our experiences but don’t always provide the correct solution to the problem
What is confirmation bias
Tendency to focus on information that support our beliefs
What is Overconfidence
Propensity to overestimate their knowledge and correctness
What is salience bias
rate likelihood based on how readily it comes to mind
What is expertise
building schemas to quickly recognise patterns in the external world that require a particular response
What is a script
It is a particular type of schema or framework for understanding a regular sequence of events
What is HOT COGNIGTION
It is the Somatic Marker Hypothesis that says emotion has a positive role in decision making especially when the emotional or financial stakes are high. We are guided by how we felt in the past
