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PSYC 102 > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Are machines considered intelligent? Explain your answer.

A

Machines aren’t markers of intelligence, however they are made because of human intelligence

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2
Q

What is genetic essentialism?

A

A general tendency for us to falsely think about certain psychological traits as “fixed” and caused by genes (which is false)

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3
Q

What is Eugenics? Give an example

A

The social movement aimed at improving the human “genetic pool” through selective breeding
(example: Sexual sterilization of First Nations women in Alberta)

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4
Q

Define intelligence

A

The ability to direct one’s thinking, adapt to one’s changing environment, and learn from experience

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5
Q

True or False: Intelligence is all about achievement

A

False. Intelligence is about aptitude/potential, and theoretically, a newborn could be more intelligent than a person with a lifetime of achievement

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6
Q

What is a “psychological factor”?

A

A unique mechanism that broadly predicts performance in a domain (example: 20/20 vision with reading and driving, or physical endurance with heartbeat count and running distance)

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7
Q

What is the General Intelligence Factor, g?

A

Hypothesized single factor of intelligence that explains each person’s aptitude in all domains of knowledge

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8
Q

What is Specific Factors, s?

A

Achievement in particular subjects such as problem solving, reading comprehension, maths, visual reasoning, etc. These are not intelligence.

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9
Q

What does the theory of g imply?

A

Some people have a lot of g and they tend to do well on any intellectual activity they attempt. On the other hand, those who lack a lot of g would be the opposite.

The “savants” are people who lack overall g but have an overabundance of one very specific s factor.

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10
Q

What is the Independent Factor theories?

A

There is no such thing as (singular) intelligence, instead we have many differ intelligences such as kinesthetic, musical, visual, etc. Each theory believes that one factor (kinesthetic, musical, etc.) is not at all related to another, except through third variable correlations

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11
Q

What does the Independent Factor theories imply?

A

There are no generally intelligent people, there are generally no people who truly lack intelligence, and savants are individuals who are outliers of one specific subtype.

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12
Q

What does the Independent Factor theories suggest?

A

Intelligence is many things at once, and therefore you cannot improve your intelligence

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13
Q

What is the Hybrid theories of intelligence?

A

Suggests that intelligence has multiple “middle-levels” that g feeds, but that various factors can also improve without contributions from g

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14
Q

What is Fluid intelligence (Gf)?

A

Type of intelligence used in learning new information not based on what the person already knows

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15
Q

What is crystallized intelligence (Gc)?

A

Type of intelligence used when drawing on experiences from the past

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16
Q

What is the correlation between

A
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17
Q

What is the correlation between Gf and Gc?

A

One acquires more crystallized intelligence over time with education, but fluid intelligence tends to stay more constant with education and time

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18
Q

True or False: All modern intelligence tests are standardized

A

True. They have a common unit that can meaningfully tell how your score compares to the general population

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19
Q

What should be done to standardize a test?

A
  1. There needs to be a standard unit (example: 20/20 vision)
  2. Thousands of people to do the test in order to have a baseline of performance - to understand how many people do on the same questions
  3. This “norms” the difficulty and appropriateness of the questions
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20
Q

What is the Intelligence Quotient, IQ?

A

It is the standard unit of intelligence, where 100 is the average score and 15 is a single standard deviation. It is also known as the bell curve.

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21
Q

Give an example of an intelligence test

A

WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) that is based on a hybrid model of intelligence

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22
Q

What does the General Ability Index measure?

A

Measures a person’s intellectual abilities in the absence of time pressure (mostly taps crystallized intelligence). Examples would be verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning

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23
Q

What does Cognitive Proficiency Index measure?

A

Measure a person’s intellectual speed and capacity for processing (mostly measuring fluid intelligence). Examples include working memory (forward/backward digit span) and processing speed (finding all symbols that follow a particular rule on the page)

24
Q

Give an example of a non-verbal intelligence test

A

Raven’s Progressive Matrices: based on matching pictures that follow particular types of rules. It is used for fluid intelligence and for cross-cultural testing

25
Q

Are IQ tests both reliable and valid?

A

IQ tests are reliable, but its validity is still in question

26
Q

Define Individual differences

A

The variability in any psychological trait within the broader population (personality, taste preferences, anxiety levels, etc.)

27
Q

Where do individual differences come from?

A

Environmental variability and genetic variability

28
Q

What is Behavioural genetics?

A

Subfield in psychology that broadly attempts to characterize the contributions of genetics to explaining individual differences in psychological traits. This seeks to know which between genetic vs. environmental variability is the stronger source of predicting individual differences in some trait

29
Q

What is Genetic determinism?

A

The entirely false belief that if a person carries some set of genes, their expressed phenotype is fixed and immutable. Genes are not the determinant of one’s destiny.

30
Q

What are important things to note when talking about the role of genes?

A
  1. No single gene predicts or causes a single trait
  2. Behavioural genetics predicts at the level of population, not individual
  3. The environment influences genes, but genes also shape the environment
31
Q

How should we think about behavioural genetics?

A

The genetic range of possible phenotypes that could be expressed and how strong the influence of the environment has to be to affect that expression

32
Q

How do we figure out how much genes account for individual differences in intelligence?

A
  1. “Manipulating” genes (identical vs. fraternal twins study)
  2. “Manipulating” the environment (foster parents vs. biological parents)
33
Q

Twins conceived from two different eggs/zygotes; as regular siblings and share 50% of their genes are

A

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

34
Q

Twins conceived from a single egg/zygote that split itself into two, effectively creating a clone and share 100% of their genes are

A

Identical (monozygotic) twins

35
Q

Genes ______ predict IQ, environment ______ predicts intelligence

a. weakly, moderately
b. weakly, strongly
c. strongly, weakly
d. moderately, weakly

A

d. moderately, weakly

Genes moderately predict IQ, environment weakly predicts intelligence

36
Q

What is the subfield of psychology that is interested in comparing and contrasting psychological processes, including intelligence, in human and non-human animals?

A

Comparative cognition

37
Q

Why is doing comparative work extremely challenging?

A

Because we have to ensure that:

  1. Our definition of ‘intelligence’ is not human-centric
  2. Our intelligence tests are analogous for non-human animals as well
  3. We do not get deceived by projecting our own intelligence onto that of other animals
38
Q

Give examples of human-like abilities that non-human animals can/cannot learn

A
  1. Social learning - social learning and collective decision-making in bees, birds, mammals, ants, etc.
  2. Tool-use and innovation - <1% of non-human animals (primates, mammals, birds) can be trained to make use of tools
  3. Language - non-human animals cannot be taught language in the degree humans can comprehend and communicate with
39
Q

In its absolute level, intelligence ______ with ages but remains very reliable

A

improves

40
Q

Fluid intelligence tends to ______, crystallized intelligence tends to ______

A

go down, stay constant

Fluid intelligence tends to go down, crystallized intelligence tends to stay constant

41
Q

What does the Flynn Effect suggest?

A

That the average intelligence increases with each successive generation because of improved environments, education, and test-taking abilities

42
Q

There are a number of differences in IQ in gender. What could be the explanation for this?

A

Differences in socialization of the genders, or how girls and boys are brought up earlier on in their lives

43
Q

Why is there a cross-cultural bias in IQ and IQ tests involving the relation of ethnicity?

A

Because there are substantial biases for Asians and Caucasians in test creation, factor of having dramatically different environments is not accounted for, and the different access to nutrition, education, and cultural practices are not considered

44
Q

What do the psychologists of today believe in with regards to the difference in IQ across groups?

A

Differences in intelligence between groups are due to sociological reasons (environmental differences and influences)

45
Q

What are psychologists interested in concerning the differences in IQ across groups?

A

Psychologists are more interested in how we can eliminate sociocultural barriers

46
Q

Define phrenology

A

The discredited attempt to assess each person’s intelligence and abilities by measuring differences in “specialized” brain area size through the bumps on the skull. It was used to promote white supremacist views of intelligence

47
Q

What was the Stanford-Binet test?

A

The first widely used intelligence test for school children that included over 20 different types of questions (word puzzles, rhyming, etc.). It was later on adopted by American psychologists who believed that intelligence was fixed and that “gifted” children must be separated from their lower-performing peers.

48
Q

What is the Army Alpha/Beta Test?

A

An intelligence test designed by the US army for determining each person’s capability as a soldier, leader, etc. This test was patterned similarly to the Stanford-Binet test. Instead of equating intelligence with aptitude, this test equated intelligence with achievement.

49
Q

What are the mutual problems with the intelligence tests like the Stanford-Binet and Army Alpha/Beta?

A

They measure intelligence through the achievement of “proper” (actually biased) knowledge, they quickly segregate people into designated roles or classes, and they are used locally for a specific purpose (non-comparison across groups)

50
Q

What is “Beyondism” and what is its claim/s?

A

Beyondism is a pseudo-religion started by Raymond Catell. Its claim/s are:

  1. Society’s structure and moral values should be informed by science
  2. Heredity is the primary cause of intelligence and the environment has little-to-no impact
  3. There is evidence that IQ is lower in some groups
  4. Lower IQ groups have significantly more children
  5. Global IQ is decreasing at an alarming rate and must be stopped by major intervention (cutting off welfare of lower IQ individuals/groups)

Basically states that intelligence should be a priority

51
Q

What does “The Bell Curve” advocate?

A

Radical changes in public policy in order to protect high IQ individuals and reduce reproduction amongst low IQ individuals

52
Q

What does The Bell Curve say about intelligence?

A

The authors of the book believe that intelligence is stable, largely heritable, and measured by valid and reliable intelligence tests. Additionally, intelligence is the best predictor of life outcomes, job, and school success. The decrease in the “overall fitness” of society is because of the government allowing low IQ individuals to have more children than the high IQ individuals.

53
Q

What is the first claim in intelligence relating to Eugenics?

A

That intelligence is hereditary. However, heredity is a measure of prediction, and it is not applicable to every single person.

54
Q

What is the second claim in intelligence relating to Eugenics?

A

That differences in intelligence across groups are due to heredity. But we know that heredity within a group does not mean that one can draw a parallel to heredity between groups (good soil vs. bad soil example)

55
Q

What is the third claim in intelligence relating to Eugenics?

A

That intelligence is different amongst different social/ethnic groups and that there are no testing biases. We know that tests are affected by different factors such as communicative standards, difficulty, skills, motivations, stress, and more.

56
Q

What is the fourth claim in intelligence relating to Eugenics?

A

That intelligence is the best predictor of life outcomes and success. We know that there are many third variables that can be involved.

57
Q

If genetic variability predicts 40-60% of IQ scores, what predicts the rest? What can be done to increase performance on IQ tests?

A

Education, birth weight, birth order. To increase performance on IQ tests, increasing educational opportunities is the most important factor.

PSYC 102 (3 decks)

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