intelectual functioning in old age week 4 Flashcards
intelligence testing
who?
Binet developed adaptive testing: difficulty of items increase for each age group
binet developed the concept of mental age MA in contrast to chronological age CA
Stanford-Binet intelligence test (1916) was the result of the cooperation with lewis terman (U stanford)
Binet assumed that academic performance is based on problem solving, logical thinking and judgement
Jean Piaget was a student of Alfred Binet
Intelligence as a property of personality
performance of most academic tasks are highly correlated with each other
the common factor in intelligence tests is computed via factor analysis and is called G (general intelligence)
G correlates with:
- academic achievement
- information processing speed
- general information
Two types of intelligence
Cattell (1905-1998)
1) Fluid intelligence (general fluid ability) represents the ability to orient yourself in a situation, to draw conclusions, problem solving and information processing speed
2) Crystallised intelligence consists of knowledge, vocabulary, and the accumulated experience in problem solving
Thurstone (1887- 1955)
7 items
Thurstone conceptualised intelligence as a conglomerate consisting of concepts, learning and speed
- Verbal understanding
- Verbal fluency
- Number concepts
- Spatial imagery
- Associative memory
- Perceptual speed
- Logical reasoning
3 layer model of intelligence
look at pic
normal distribution of iq ?
yes
The Flynn Effect
Shows that the IQ increases in industrialised countries
This could occur because of a rise in the verbal IQ, but also because a rise in the performance IQ, or both
Explanations of the Flynn effect
better nutrition
better health care
reduction of poverty
better access to education
repetition effects of test measurements
real increase of fluid intelligence
Sternbergs model of successful intelligence
Gardner suggested that success depends on the practical, analytical and creative intelligence
Sternberg invented the accounting of strengths and weaknesses
Compensation strategies and selection of optimal contexts for the realisation of personal potential
See also Baltes model of ‘selective optimisation’
Aging research
phase 1
- ageing begins from 20 years on
- mostly cross-sectional data
phase 2
- identification of intelligence components
- increasing awareness of cohort effects
phase 3
- focus on intra-individual variability
- interest in remedial effects of experience, training and practice
phase 4
-interest in new ways to define and measure intelligence
Cohort effects
Positive development of cohorts
-the present cohort of adolescents has a higher ability than the older adult cohorts when they were young
Negative development of cohorts
-The present cohort of adolescents has a lower ability than the older adult cohorts when they were young (based on the introduction of technology for instance)
Age effect in intelligence
Verbal abilities remain stable with age
Non-verbal abilities show decline with age
-digit symbols, picture arrangement, block design show the strongest decline with age
Two-factor-theory of intelligence
(Baltes)
Mechanics of intelligence
- compares to fluent intelligence
- perception, categorisation, memory
- analogue to computer-hardware
- gradual decline with age
Pragmatics of intelligence
- Compare to crystalized intelligence
- culture-dependent factual and procedural knowledge
- analogue to computer-software
- stagnation or increase with age
Seattle Longitudinal Study
Over 5000 participants
- does intelligence change in a linear fashion over the life-span, or do differences at particular ages occur
- from which age can reliable decrements be observed
- Are there cohort effects in intelligence (intelligence clusters) and to what extent?
- IS THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENCe robust across age?
- do remain individual differences stable across age
- can age differences of cognitive decline be reversed with training
The berlin aging study
fuck knows
