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patho > integumentary system disorder > Flashcards

integumentary system disorder Flashcards

1
Q

sweats contain

A

antimicrobial proteins

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2
Q

sebum and defensins

A

kill bacteria

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3
Q

three major region of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hyposdermis

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4
Q

epidermis

A

outermost region of the skin, consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular

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5
Q

dermis

A

middle region of the skin
mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular

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6
Q

hypodermis (superficial fascia)

A

subcutaneous layer deep to skin, not part of skin but shares some functions, mostly adipose tissue and muscles

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7
Q

cells of epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans’ cell , Merkel (tactile) cells

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8
Q

keratinocytes produces

A

keratine > gives skin its protective property

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9
Q

keratinocytes are made by

A

stratum basale, 새로운 cell 들이 만들어질 때마다 위로 밈, 늙은 애들은 shed

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10
Q

melanocytes produces

A

melanosomes and melanin

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11
Q

melanocytes found in the

A

deepest layer of the epidermis

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12
Q

melanocytes are taken up by

A

keratinocytes

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13
Q

melanocytes form

A

a shield around the nucleus to protect it from UV radiation

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14
Q

langerhans’ cells

A

epidermal macrophages
key activators of the immune system

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15
Q

langerhans’ cells acts as

A

antigen presenting cell

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16
Q

langerhans’ cells made in

A

bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

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17
Q

merkel cell found at

A

the epidermal-dermal junction

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18
Q

merkel cell function

A

touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings

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19
Q

layers of the epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum

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20
Q

causes of skin lesions

A

local irritants, burns, liver disease, systemic infections: chicken pox, measles, allergies

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21
Q

angioedema

A

allergic rxn, swelling of oral mucosa, tongue, mouth > blocks airway

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22
Q

macule

A

flat, redness, round shaped (circumscribed)

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23
Q

papule

A

small (less deeper than nodule) , solid elevation, no pus
ex. hives

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24
Q

vesicle/bliser

A

thin (translucent) wall, raised, yellow/clear fluid-filled

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25
Q

ulcer

A

cavity in tissue

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26
Q

nodule

A

firm (can feel the solid) , raised, deep

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27
Q

pustule

A

raised, has a “head”, filled w/ pus ex. 뾰루지

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28
Q

plaque

A

slightly elevated, flat, “scale” -like white lesion

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29
Q

fissure

A

crack in tissue

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30
Q

pressure sores

A

decubitus ulcers

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31
Q

pruritus

A

severe itching, usually a response to exposure to allergens/irritants

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32
Q

cause of pruritus

A

unknown but may be due to histamine

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33
Q

treatment for pruritus

A

antihistamine, topical anti-inflammatory agents, systemic anti-inflammatory agents, topical administration of colloidal oatmeal

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34
Q

inflammatory disorder of the skin

A

contact dermatitis, urticaria (hives), atopic dermatitis (eczema), psoriasis, discoid (cutaneous) lupus erythematosus, scleroderma

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35
Q

contact dermatitis

A

exposure to allergen/irritant
results in a localized rash+itching

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36
Q

contact dermatitis type of skin lesions

A

macule: flat, circular, red

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37
Q

urticaria (hives)

A

type 1 systemic hypersensitivity reaction, usually spread throughout the body

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38
Q

hive type of skin lesion

A

papule: raised, red, itchy

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39
Q

treatment for urticaria (hives)

A

systemic agent ex. antihistamine, corticosteroid (epi pen) bc mass histamine release > risk of hypotension

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40
Q

treatment for contact dermititis

A

topical agent corticosteroid/histamine

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41
Q

atopic dermatitis (eczema)

A

persistent inflammation of the upper layers of the skin, type 1/4 hypersensitive reaction

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42
Q

eczema characterized by

A

itching, erythema, swelling

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43
Q

how is eczema type 4 hypersensitive reaction

A

antigen presenting cell+ t lympocytes > sensitized t lymphocyte> release cytokines> activates macrophages>granuloma formation

(delayed response)

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44
Q

process of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

dendritic cell/macrophages + T cell > release interleukins> release b cell > release plasma cell > release sensitized mast cells > release histamine

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45
Q

atopic dermatitis symptoms

A

skin dryness, inflammation

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46
Q

Treatment of eczema

A

topical corticosteroids and antihistamine, cool, moisturize

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47
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune

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48
Q

psoriasis skin leison

A

plaque: raised, red
but covered with white silvery scales which itch, crack, burn, and bleed > infection

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49
Q

treatment of psoriasis

A

UV light, immune modulators, chemotherapy

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50
Q

discoid (cutaneous) lupus erythematosus

A

inflammatory+autoimmune

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51
Q

symptoms for lupus erythematosus

A

butterfly pattern appears over nose > alopecia

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52
Q

treatment for discoid lupus eruthematosus

A

suppress immune syst

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53
Q

scleroderma leads to

A

collagen deposition, inflammation, fibrosis > internal organs suffer, loss of facial expression, loss of movement of mouth and eyes

54
Q

bacterial skin infections

A

acne vulgaris, cellulitis, impetigo, acute necrotizing fasciitis

55
Q

acute vulgaris

A

inflammation and blockage of sebaceous glands and associated hair follicles stimulated by androgen > pimples (pustules or cysts)
> can lead to proliferation of bacteria > staphylococcus aureus

56
Q

acne vulgaris sebaceous glands are stimulated by

A

androgens

57
Q

acne vulgaris skin lesion

A

comedones or pustule

58
Q

acne vulgaris comedones

A

non inflammatory collection of sebum, no scarring

59
Q

acne vulgaris pustule lesion

A

severe inflammatory response to a bacterial infection, scarring

60
Q

treatment for acne vulgaris

A

frequent cleansing with non-irritating soaps, agents with anti-bacterial properties: benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline + erythromycin, aczone gel, vit A derivatives, laser treatments, agents to control hormones, microderm abrasion

61
Q

cellulitis

A

infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of S. aureus, follows trauma and/or a break in the skin, lower trunk, common problem in diabetics

62
Q

signs and symptoms for cellulitis

A

redness, swelling, pain, red streaking across the lymph vessels

63
Q

treatment for cellulitis

A

systemic antibiotics may require amputation

64
Q

impetigo cause

A

staph aureus infection/ group A beta hemolytic strep

65
Q

T/F impetigo is highly contagious

A

true and it can spread systemically and cause glomerulonephritis

66
Q

impetigo leads to

A

pruritus

67
Q

impetigo can spread through

A

towels, scratching

68
Q

impetigo looks like

A

yellow, brown crust, with moist yellow liquid

69
Q

treatment for impetigo

A

topical antibiotics or systemic antibiotics

70
Q

acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

“flesh eating bacteria”
mixture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria present

71
Q

main culprit for acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

group A beta hemolytic strep pyogenes

72
Q

acute necrotizing fasciitis secretes

A

proteases and penetrates deep into the tissue

73
Q

acute necrotizing fasciitis leads to

A

subcutaneous fascia and the fascia surrounding skeletal muscle, edema, necrosis, vulus (pockets of purple liquids)

74
Q

acute necrotizing fasciitis process

A

bacteria produces a toxin and can cause toxic shock if it spreads to the systemic circulation

75
Q

risk factor for acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

trauma, compromised immune syst, chronic health condition, chicken pox infection

76
Q

treatment for acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

debridement, amputation, aggressive systemic antibiotic, fluid replacement, pain management

77
Q

viral skin infections

A

herpes simplex, cold sores, herpes zoster (shingles), verrucae (warts)

78
Q

herpes simplex virus type 1

A

fever blister/cold sores

79
Q

herpes simplex virus type 2

A

genital herpes

80
Q

cold sores

A

asymptomatic at first, virus has a latent phase in the trigeminal (5) nerve

81
Q

process of cold sores

A

invades epithelial cell> taken up by sensory neurons > hides in the nerve terminals neurons > 그래서 reinfection이 쉬움

82
Q

cold sores reoccurrences can be triggered by

A

common cold, sun exposure, stress

82
Q

signs and symptoms of reoccurence

A

tingling sensation, burning sensation, painful blister > ruptures > forms a crust > heals spontaneously

83
Q

cold sores virus is spread by

A

direct contact with the fluid from the lesion

84
Q

treatment for cold sores

A

topical antiviral

85
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

reactivation of varicella-zoster virus infection (chicken pox)

86
Q

herpes zoster development

A

painful blister develop in a line unilaterally

87
Q

herpes zoster leads to

A

burning sensation, paresthesias

88
Q

treatment for herpes zoster

A

systemic antivirals (not a cure), pain medication

89
Q

verrucae (warts) caused by

A

human papilloma viruses (HPV)

90
Q

plantar warts caused by

A

HPV 1-4 > painful

91
Q

genital warts caused by

A

HPV 6+11

92
Q

HPV 16+18 causes

A

cervical cancer

93
Q

treatment for verrucae

A

laser, freezing w/ liquid nitrogen and excising

94
Q

fungal skin infection

A

mycoses of skin or nails, tinea (ringworm)

95
Q

mycoses of skin or nails are dignosed by

A

scraping the skin and observing under a microscope

96
Q

mycoses of skin or nails caused by

A

superficial infections of the keratocytes

97
Q

mycoses can lead to

A

pruritus or asymptomatic

98
Q

nail fungal infection treatment require

A

systemic antifungals and months of treatment

99
Q

tinea (ringworm)

A

fungal infection of the skin, scalp, nails

100
Q

tinea is treated with

A

antifungals

101
Q

scabies

A

mite infection= sarcoptes scabiei

102
Q

female mite burrows into

A

epidermis and lays her eggs

103
Q

areas affected with scabies are

A

wrists, fingers, elbows, and waist

104
Q

scabies are transmitted through

A

close contact

105
Q

treatment for scabies

A

lindane

106
Q

3 types of pediculosis (lice)

A

corporis (body), pubis (genital), capitis (head)

107
Q

pediculosis feed off of

A

human blood

108
Q

female lice does what

A

lays eggs on hair shaft =nit

109
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

110
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis, slow growing, not often metastasize so mostly curable

111
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, usually on scalp ears and lower lips, grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed

112
Q

treatment for squamous cell carcinoma

A

radiation therapy or removed surgically

113
Q

melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes

114
Q

melanoma is dangerous because

A

highly metastatic, resistant to chemotherapy

115
Q

melanoma characteristic

A

Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Elevation

116
Q

treatment for melanoma

A

wide surgical excision, immunotherapy, chemotherapy

117
Q

kaposi’s sarcoma

A

rare form of skin cancer associated with HIV and or immnocompromised

118
Q

what may cause kaposi’s sarcoma

A

herpes virus, malignant cells arise from endothelial cells

119
Q

treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

radiation and chemotherapy

120
Q

burns

A

tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals that denatures proteins

121
Q

how can severe burns threatens life

A

bc it causes loss of body fluids, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance

122
Q

the rule of nines

A

estimate % of body effected by the burn

123
Q

treatment for burns

A

IV fluids, large amounts of calories in the form of proteins and fats, prophylactic antibiotics, debridement (removal). of burned skin, temporary covering, skin graft

124
Q

first degree burn

A

only the epidermis is damaged, no blister

125
Q

second degree burns

A

epidermis and upper regions of dermis is affected , blister appear, skin regeneration occur, care needed to avoid infections

126
Q

third degree burns

A

all layers affected, no initial edema or pain bc nerve endings are destroyed, skin grafting is usually necessary, extensive scar tissue forms

127
Q

stevens johnson’s syndrome (toxic epidermal necrosis)

A

looks and feels like a burn but hypersensitivity reaction from certain drugs
detachment of epidermis and mucous membranes

128
Q

pathophysiology of stevens Johnson’s syndrome

A

apoptotic cell death of epidermis, mediated by cytotoxic CD8+ cells and NK cells

129
Q

treatment for stevens Jhonson’s syndrome

A

immediate discontinuation of the drug, fluid replacement, prophylactic antibiotics, skin grafts

patho (3 decks)

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