Integumentary System and Blood Flashcards
Ultraviolet rays react with \_\_\_\_\_ in the skin to begin the process of forming vitamin D. A. calcidiol B. 7-dehydrocholesterol C. calcitriol D. cholecalciferol
B. 7-dehydrocholesterol
Ultraviolet rays react with 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. This is the first step in the formation of vitamin D.
True or False. Once absorbed into the blood, the cholecalciferol travels to the kidney for the final step in activation.
False.
The active form of vitamin D, also known as a hormone, is called _____.
a. 7-dehydrocholesterol
b. calcitriol
c. cholecalciferol
d. calcidiol
b. calcitriol
Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a hormone in stimulating calcium absorption. Activation reactions in both the liver and kidneys are required for the formation of calcitriol from its precursors.
The steps in the hemostasis process are
(1) platelets become sticky and form a platelet plug;
(2) prothrombin is converted to thrombin by prothrombin activator;
(3) walls of a damaged blood vessel undergo spasms;
(4) a clot forms from fibrin, platelets, and trapped red blood cells; and
(5) fibrinogen is converted to fibrin. Which of the following choices represents the correct order of these steps?
a. 3-2-1-4-5
b. 3-5-4-1-2
c. 1-3-2-4-5
d. 3-1-2-5-4
d. 3-1-2-5-4
(3) walls of a damaged blood vessel undergo spasms;
(1) platelets become sticky and form a platelet plug;
(2) prothrombin is converted to thrombin by prothrombin activator;
(5) fibrinogen is converted to fibrin;
(4) a clot forms from fibrin, platelets, and trapped red blood cells;
Specific recognition proteins found on all cell surfaces (including red blood cell surfaces) are called ________.
a. antigens
b. antibodies
c. foreign particles
d. agglutinators
a. antigens
The recognition proteins on cell surfaces are called antigens
Which of the following statements about blood types is true?
a. Individuals with type A blood have type A antigens on their blood cells and type A antibodies in their plasma.
b. Individuals with type B blood have type B antigens on their blood cells and type B antibodies in their plasma.
c. Individuals with type O blood have no A or B antigens on their blood cells and no A or B antibodies in their plasma.
d. Individuals with type O blood have no antigens on their blood cells, and they have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma.
e. Individuals with type AB blood have no antigens on their blood cells, and they have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma.
e. Individuals with type AB blood have no antigens on their blood cells, and they have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma.
Individuals with type O blood do not have A or B antigens on their red blood cells, but they do have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma.
A person with which type of blood can technically receive blood from a person with any of the ABO blood types?
a. type A blood
b. type AB blood
c. type B blood
d. type O blood
b. type AB blood
An individual with type AB blood has no antibodies against type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood. This person can technically receive blood from a person with any ABO blood type.
If substance A and substance B react by clumping together, the scientific term to use is ________.
a. antibody response
b. immune response
c. antigen response
d. agglutination (agglutinate)
d. agglutination (agglutinate)
When antigens and antibodies clump together, it is said that these substances agglutinate. One could also say agglutination has taken place.
Antigens on cell surfaces help a cell know the difference between ________.
a. agglutination reactions
b. self and non-self cells
c. blood types
d. agglutination complexes
b. self and non-self cells
Antigens on the cell surface help in cell recognition, so the cell can tell the difference between cells that are self and those that are non-self.
______________ help maintain osmotic balance and also assist in the transport of biomolecules and drugs.
Albumins
Which of the following steps in the formation of a blood clot occurs last?
a. The injured blood vessel constricts, reducing blood flow.
b. Clotting proteins form an insoluble mesh.
c. Platelets in the blood swell and form sticky extensions.
d. A platelet plug forms.
b. Clotting proteins form an insoluble mesh.
The formation of an insoluble mesh by clotting proteins is the last step in the formation of a blood clot.
Name the specific type of granular leukocyte that releases histamines that are important in the inflammatory response.
a. neutrophils
b. monocytes
c. lymphocytes
d. eosinophils
e. basophils
e. basophils
Basophils release histamine at wound or injury sites to stimulate the release of plasma from adjacent blood vessels; this response causes the itching, redness, and swelling associated with inflammation.
What can we say about the origin and structure of platelets?
a. Platelets are fragments of red blood cells.
b. Platelets are cell fragments formed when leukocytes burst.
c. Platelets are cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes.
d. Platelets are distinct cell types that originate in the spleen.
e. Platelets are distinct cells that arise when red blood cells divide.
c. Platelets are cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes.
Pieces of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes break off to form platelets.
Which of the following statements can we accurately use to describe hemoglobin?
a. Hemoglobin is the protein that is responsible for turning megakaryocytes into doughnut-shaped red blood cells.
b. Hemoglobin is a protein found in white blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to individual cells.
c. Hemoglobin is the four-stranded protein molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the individual body cells.
d. Hemoglobin is the protein that is either found in decreased amounts or totally absent in persons with hemophilia. This lack then prevents normal blood clotting.
c. Hemoglobin is the four-stranded protein molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the individual body cells.
Hemoglobin is a four-stranded iron-containing protein molecule found in red blood cells that binds and carries oxygen to individual body cells.
Sweat glands are found in the _________.
Dermis
True or False. Melanocytes and keratinocytes are two skin cell types that are prevalent in the epidermis.
True.
Merkel discs
a skin sensory receptor for touch
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
true or false. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
true
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ___________ the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a _____________.
accumulate…UV-blocking pigment layer
A fluid- filled blister develops when excessive rubbing of the skin causes the ________ and ________ to separate from each other.
epidermis, dermis
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well- being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
stratum basale
Skin functions to
provide protection from dehydration
Langerhan cells
activate the immune system
