Heart and Vessels Flashcards by Rachel Kozlow

True or false. The circulatory system of humans is composed of two circulatory loops: the systemic circulation, in which blood flows between the heart and lungs, and the pulmonary circulation, in which blood flows between the heart and the rest of the body.

False. The pulmonary circulation pumps blood from the heart to the lungs, whereas the systemic circulation pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

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When speaking about the circulatory system, we know that ________.

a. blood becomes oxygenated as it is pumped from the atria to the ventricles. At the same time, the carbon dioxide is unloaded
b. blood travels from the left ventricle to the lungs via the aorta and from the right ventricle to the body via the venae cavae (singular: vena cava)
c. oxygen-depleted blood travels from the individual body cells back to the heart and enters the right atrium from the aorta
d. newly oxygenated blood travels from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries, and blood from which oxygen has been depleted travels from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary veins
e. oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle and travels to all parts of the body; it then returns to the heart and enters the right atrium

e. oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle and travels to all parts of the body; it then returns to the heart and enters the right atrium

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During which event of the cardiac cycle is systolic blood pressure measured?

a. Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract.
b. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles.
c. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.
d. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.

a. Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract.

The systolic blood pressure is the peak blood pressure resulting from ventricular contraction known as systole.

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The ______________ prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria.
The ______________ prevent backflow from the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary trunk) and aorta back into the ventricles.

atrioventricular valves…semilunar valves

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The best definition of Korotkoff sounds would be ________.

a. a term used to mean the sum of the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure
b. cardiac cycle. Korotkoff sounds are synonymous with cardiac cycle
c. the sounds heard through the stethoscope caused by the contracting and relaxing of the ventricles during the cardiac cycle
d. blood pressure. Korotkoff sounds are synonymous with blood pressure
e. the sounds from the lungs that sometimes mask the correct reading on a sphygmomanometer when one is measuring blood pressure

c. the sounds heard through the stethoscope caused by the contracting and relaxing of the ventricles during the cardiac cycle

The Korotkoff sounds are the contraction/relaxation heart sounds produced in the brachial artery and heard when blood pressure is measured.

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Blood returns to the heart via the _____.

a. aorta
b. pulmonary arteries
c. pulmonary veins
d. aorta and pulmonary arteries
e. aorta and pulmonary veins

c. pulmonary veins

Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.

a. right atrium
b. left atrium
c. aorta
d. capillaries of the lungs
e. posterior vena cava

b. left atrium

Blood enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.

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From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.

a. right atrium
b. left atrium
c. aorta
d. capillaries of the lungs
e. posterior vena cava

a. right atrium

Blood enters the right atrium from the anterior and posterior venae cavae.

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From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.

a. right atrium
b. left atrium
c. aorta
d. capillaries of the lungs
e. posterior vena cava

e. posterior vena cava

Blood enters the posterior vena cava from the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs

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Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________.

a. ventricular diastole
b. ventricular systole

a. ventricular diastole

Yes, both occur during ventricular diastole when the ventricles are not actively contracting and ejecting blood.

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Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles?

a. The majority of ventricular filling is caused by contraction of the atria.
b. Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves.

b. Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves.

Yes, most of the ventricular filling is passive; atrial contraction adds just a little more blood.

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Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves.

a. Pressures in the atria and ventricles would be equal.
b. Pressure in the ventricles would be greater than in the atria.
c. Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.

c. Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.

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What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close?
a. greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle
b. equal ventricular and aortic pressures
c, higher ventricular pressure than aortic pressure

a. greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle

Yes, backflow of blood in the aorta (towards the left ventricle) closes the aortic semilunar valve.

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Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.

a. isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction
b. isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
c. ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation
d. ventricular ejection, ventricular relaxation, isovolumetric contraction

b. isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

Yes, the ventricles must contract and eject blood before they relax and fill again.

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Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)?

a. both semilunar and AV valves
b. semilunar valves only
c. AV valves only

c. AV valves only

Yes, increased pressure in the ventricles would close the AV valves.

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The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?

a. two pumps
b. one pump
c. three pumps

a. two pumps

Yes, the right side of the heart pumps to/from the lungs (pulmonary circuit) and the left side of the heart pumps to/from the rest of the body (the systemic circuit).

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Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?

a. left ventricle
b. left atrium
c. right ventricle
d. right atrium

d. right atrium

Yes, the right atrium receives unoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.

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Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

a. right ventricle
b. left ventricle
c. right atrium
d. left atrium

d. left atrium

Yes, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

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Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?

a. left atrium
b. left ventricle
c. right atrium
d. right ventricle

d. right ventricle

Yes, the right ventricle pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk to the lungs.

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Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?

a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d. left ventricle

d. left ventricle

Yes, the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the entire body (systemic circuit).

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Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent?

a. decreased heart rate and decreased stroke volume
b. decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume
c. increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
d. increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume

c. increased heart rate and increased stroke volume

Yes, cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume.

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Which of the following would increase heart rate?

a. acetylcholine
b. epinephrine and norepinephrine
c. increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
d. decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

b. epinephrine and norepinephrine

Yes, secreted by the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic stimulation, these hormones act as part of the sympathetic response, increasing heart rate.

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How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume?

a. increased end diastolic volume
b. decreased end diastolic volume
c. increased contractility
d. increased end systolic volume

c. increased contractility

Yes, an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity would increase contractility (by increasing available calcium), thus increasing stroke volume. Contractility causes an increase in stroke volume by decreasing end systolic volume; it does not change end diastolic volume.

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By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume?

a. increased contractility
b. increased end systolic volume
c. decreased end diastolic volume
d. increased end diastolic volume

d. increased end diastolic volume

Yes, an increase in venous return increases the end diastolic volume. The fibers are stretched more, resulting in an increase in the force of contraction (preload, or the Frank-Starling Mechanism).

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How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output? a. decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output b. increased stroke volume and increased cardiac output c. no change in stroke volume and decreased cardiac output d. decreased stroke volume and decreased cardiac output

a. decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output Yes, a decreased blood volume would decrease the end diastolic volume, thus lowering the stroke volume. Although this would initially lead to a decrease in the cardiac output, heart rate would increase because of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system in an effort to maintain cardiac output.

To avoid blood clotting when blood comes into contact with metal or plastic inner surfaces, the new artificial heart developed by Carmat, is lined with what biotic material? a. Tissue grown through genetic engineering of bacteria. b. Tissue grown on the skin of a mouse. c. Tissue derived from the bladder of the patient. d. Tissue derived from the pericardial sac of a cow.

c. Tissue derived from the bladder of the patient.

An ECG measures ________.

the electrical activity of the heart

When the coronary arteries become narrowed and blood flow to the heart is reduced, a person may experience cramping chest pain upon exertion, prior to a heart attack or death of cardiac muscle tissue. This condition is called ________.

angina

When the heart becomes weaker and less efficient at pumping blood, the blood may back up in the veins and cause a condition known as ________.

congestive heart failure

Blood flows from the right ventricle to the ________.

pulmonary arteries

A person's resting blood pressure is 190/90 mm Hg. What condition is present?

hypertension

In which blood vessels does most of the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood, interstitial fluid and body tissues occur?

capillaries

Homeostatic regulation of the cardiovascular system is designed to maintain ________.

constant arterial blood pressure

When listening to a patient's heart with a stethoscope, a physician hears an abnormality in the "lub DUB" sounds of the heart valves. He has detected ________.

a heart murmur

Semilunar valves prevent blood from flowing ________.

backward into a ventricle

The cardiac conduction system initiates and delivers an electrical impulse that begins in the ________.

sinoatrial node

The systemic circuit delivers ________.

oxygenated blood to the body

True or false. Arteries have one-way valves

False.

True or False. The myocardium is epithelial and connective tissue and is nonelectrical.

False. The myocardium is cardiac muscle tissue and does generate electricity.

True or False. A heart attack or myocardial infarction is due to the sudden death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen.

True.

True or False. Smokers who have a heart attack are nearly four times as likely as nonsmokers to die from it.

True.

True or False. Systolic pressure measures the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel during ventricular contraction.

True.

True or False. Heart sounds are caused by the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries by the blood.

False.

True or False. In the capillary beds of the pulmonary circuit, oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood.

False.

True or False. Regulation of cardiac output is controlled by the cardiovascular center of the brain.

True.

True or False. In the heart, blood travels laterally from the right chambers to the left chambers through the septum.

False.

True or False. The atrioventricular node functions as the cardiac pacemaker.

False.

True or False. A blood pressure reading of 140/90 would be considered good for a healthy 20-year-old male.

False.

True or False. The inner layer of a blood vessel is the endothelium.

True.

True or False. At rest, each cardiac cycle takes 0.8 seconds and during half of that time (0.4 seconds), both atria and ventricles are relaxed.

True.

True or False. Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart becomes less efficient at pumping blood and blood backs up in the veins and capillaries.

True.

True or False. Stroke is an interruption of blood flow to the lungs, which must have about 15% of the heart’s output at rest.

False.

True or False. In the systemic circuit, blood flow is regulated by precapillary sphincter muscles that open and close access to capillary beds.

True.

True or False. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) deposit cholesterol on the endothelial surfaces of blood vessels and contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation.

False.

_______ carry blood away from the heart and _______ carry blood toward the heart.

Arteries … veins

Which blood vessel is best suited for exchange of gases and nutrients with the surrounding tissue?

capillary

the order of vessels through which blood passes after leaving the heart?

artery—arteriole—capillary—venule—vein

All of the following mechanisms assist in returning venous blood to the heart except: A. an increase in heart rate B. pressure changes in the abdominal and thoracic cavities due to breathing C. contraction of skeletal muscles in the legs D. one-way valves located inside veins

A. an increase in heart rate

The order of structures beginning inside the ventricle and traveling outward?

endocardium—myocardium—epicardium—pericardium

Which vein(s) carry oxygenated blood?

right and left pulmonary veins

As the blood travels through the circulatory system, the greatest drop in pressure occurs in:

arterioles

``` All of the following are part of the cardiac conduction system except the: A. chordae tendineae B. Purkinje fibers C. sinoatrial node D. atioventricular bundle ```

A. chordae tendineae

Which of the following is/are involved in regulating blood pressure? a. heart b. baroreceptors c. cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata d. all of the above

d. all of the above

A heart attack occurs as a result of:

narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries

Trace the flow of blood through the heart

``` Vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary arteries Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta ```