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Histology Midterm > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

Reviewer

1
Q
  • Largest Organ
  • Occupies 15-20%
  • Known as: integument, cutaneous covering
A

Skin

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2
Q

Against UV light (melanin)
Prevents Dehydration
Physical Barrier
Mechanical, chemical, & thermal insults

A

Skin (Protection)

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3
Q

Largest sensory organ

A

Skin (Sensory)

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4
Q

Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature

A

Sensory Receptors

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5
Q

In the means of sweat

A

Skin (Excretion)

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6
Q

Water
Sodium (Na+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Nitrogenous Waste
Excess salts
Small molecular weight metabolites

A

Sweat Contains

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7
Q

The major organ for thermoregulation

Maintains constant body temperature

A

Skin

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8
Q

Hairs
Adipose tissue

A

Insulating components of the skin

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9
Q

Structure that accelerates heat loss

A

Sweat production

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10
Q

Indicates an increase in the release of heat in the body

A

Vasodilatation

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11
Q

conserves heat

A

Vasoconstriction

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12
Q

Vitamin D regulation
Local action of UV light is on vitamin D’s precursor

A

Skin Metabolic

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13
Q

Pigmentation
Hair
Pheromones

A

Skin (Sexual Signaling)

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14
Q

Produces by the apocrine sweat glands and other skin glands

more developed in lower forms of animals, and not much with humans

A

Pheromones

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15
Q

Produces a non-living surface layer of protein

A

Keratin

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16
Q
  • A continuously proliferating stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Associated with lipids
  • In direct contact with the external environment
  • Constantly shed
A

Epidermis

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17
Q

stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium

A

Epidermis (Surface Epithelium)

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18
Q

0.07 to 0.12mm (body)
0.8mm (palms)
1.4 (sole)

A

Thickness

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19
Q

15-30 days
25-50 days

A

Turnover of skin cells

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20
Q
  • Germinal layer
  • Provides a constant supply of new keratinocytes
  • Mitotic figures

Nucleus - Large
Cytoplasm - Basophilic

A

Stratum Basale

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21
Q

cuboidal or low columnar in a single layer

A

Stratum Basale Cells

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22
Q

proliferation of cells in this layer is responsible for the continuous renewal of the epidermis

A

Stratum Basale

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23
Q
  • Thickest sublayer of the epidermis
  • Large, cuboidal to polygonal, some flattened cells
  • Central nucleus
  • Cytoplasmic basophilia
A

Stratum Spinosum

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24
Q

Electron micrographs show numerous small granules with distinctive substructures

A

lamellated granules

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25
Q

Tonofilament bundles, visible under light microscope

A

Tonofibrils

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26
Q

(synthetic fibrillar protein) aggregates to form
tonofibrils (intracellular fibrils)

A

Cytokeratin

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27
Q
  • 2-3 rows of flattened cells
  • NUCLEUS: Central
  • CYTOPLASM filled with numerous “keratohyalin”
A

Stratum Granulosum

28
Q
  • Found only in thick skin
    (palms and soles)
  • Thin translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic
    keratinocytes
  • Held by desmosomes
  • Organelles & nuclei are absent
  • Cytoplasm contains packed keratin filaments in an
    electron-dense matrix
A

Stratum Lucidum

29
Q

*15 to 20 layers of squamous keratinized cells
o Layer of dead and dying cells
* Unnucleated; Filled with mature keratin
* Birefringent filamentous keratins
* End of keratinization, squames are fully keratinized or
cornified
* Continuously shed at epidermal surface

A

Stratum Lucidum

30
Q

known as: Epidermocytes
Principal cells/parenchyma

A

Keratinocytes

31
Q
  • Synthesis and release of the brown pigment “melanin.”
  • Located scattered infrequently in the basal layer (or in the stratum basale) & junction of dermis
  • Round cells with pale-staining cytoplasm
A

Melanocytes

32
Q

melanin Synthesis

A

Tyrosinase

33
Q
  • Dendritic cells
  • Present in all layers of epidermis (SS)
  • 2 to 8% of epidermal cells
  • Antigen-presenting cells
  • Macrophages in the skin
  • Intercepts microbial invaders in adaptive immune
    response
A

Langerhans Cells

34
Q

rod-like with regular cross-striations, one end distends in a vesicle

A

BIRBECK GRANULES

35
Q
  • Epithelial tactile cells
  • Low-threshold mechanoreceptors
  • Senses gentle touch
  • Difficult to distinguish from melanocytes
  • Presence of dense cored vesicles in the cytoplasm
A

Merkel Cells

36
Q
  • Consists of fibrous and fibroadipose tissue
  • Supports the epidermis both physically and metabolically
  • Provides a flexible but strong base for the epidermis
  • Binds to the hypodermis
  • Thermoregulation
  • 0.3 – 4 mm
A

Dermis

37
Q

Lining Epithelium: Loose connective tissue

A

Papillary Dermis

38
Q

Consists of small, highly sensitive, vascular papillae

Each papilla, made of very fine interlacing collagen
fibers with few elastic fibers

A

Papillary Dermis

39
Q

o Venules
o Arterioles
o Capillary loops
o Lymphatics
o Fine nerve twigs from Meissner’s corpuscles
(tactile)

A

Papillary Dermis are consist of:

40
Q

Lining Epithelium: Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Reticular Dermis

41
Q
  • Coarse, irregular bundles of collagen
  • Fibroelastic
  • Blood vessels are larger and deeper
  • Cells are mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes
A

Reticular Dermis

42
Q

Also known as subcutaneous tissue, subcutis, or superficial
fascia

A

Hypodermis

43
Q
  • Binds skin loosely to subjacent organs
  • Not a part of the skin proper
  • Mainly adipose tissue
A

Hypodermis

44
Q

Highly modified keratinized structures

Produced by hair follicles

A

Hairs

45
Q

a terminal expansion of the follicle where hair growth takes place

A

Hair bulb:

46
Q

vascular tissue

A

Dermal papilla

47
Q

Made up of smooth muscle

Important for producing goosebumps

Attached to the hair follicle

A

Arrector pili muscle

48
Q

only found when there is
hair follicle

Embedded in the dermis except in areas lacking hairs

Mucous secretion

Lubricates the epidermis and hair

Simple branched alveolar glands

A

Sebaceous Glands

49
Q
  • Sudoriferous glands
  • Simple, coiled tubular glands
  • Important in thermoregulation
  • React by secreting in stressful situations
  • Act as an excretory organ by eliminating metabolic waste
    products
  • Secrete watery fluid, ammonia, sodium, chloride, urea,
    and uric acid by merocrine process
  • Discharge directly into the skin surface via a sweat pore
  • Do not need hair follicles
A

Sweat Glands

50
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Two Types of Sweat Glands

51
Q
  • Sweat pore
  • Secretory portions
  • Excretory ducts
A

Eccrine Sweat Glands

52
Q

Between secretory cells and basement membrane

Contraction expels sweat into ducts

Membrane

Contraction expels sweat into ducts

A

Myoepithelial cells

53
Q

Found in the axillae, areola, inguinal, and genital
regions

Viscid, milky secretion

Discharge into hair follicles

Begin functional activity at puberty

A

Apocrine Sweat Glands

54
Q

Smaller units
Coiled tubular type
Widely dilated lumen
Low cuboidal cells
Eosinophilic cytoplasm

A

Secretory Portion (Apocrine Sweat Glands)

55
Q

highly specialized appendage

A

Nails

56
Q

Consists of dense keratinized plate

A

Nail plate

57
Q

Rests on a stratified squamous epithelium

A

Nail bed

58
Q

Proximal end of the nail

A

Nail root

59
Q

underlying nail root; nail growth occurs

A

Nail matrix

60
Q

crescent shape at base of nail

A

Lunula

61
Q

skin overlying root of nail

A

Nail fold

62
Q

highly keratinized free edge

A

Eponychium

63
Q

skin beneath free end of nail

A

Hyponychium

64
Q
  • Highly modified apocrine sweat glands
  • Located anterior to pectoral muscles
  • 15-25 glandular units
  • Compound tubulo-acinar gland
  • Embedded in a mass of adipose tissue
  • Subdivided by collagenous septa
  • Lobes are arranged radially around the nipple
A

Mammary Glands

65
Q

skin surrounding the nipple, pigmented, contains
sebaceous glands not associated with hair follicles

A

Areola

66
Q

single large duct draining each lobe

A

Lactiferous duct

Histology Midterm (2 decks)

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