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Histology Midterm > Bone Marrow and Blood Cell Formation > Flashcards

Bone Marrow and Blood Cell Formation Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood Cells

A

Short-lived

Continuously replaced from sources outside the
circulation

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2
Q

Hemopoieses

A

Process of blood cell formation

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3
Q

Hemopoietic organs

A

Bone Marrow
Spleen
Liver

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4
Q

Mature blood cells

A

a relatively short life span
and must be continuously replaced with new cells
from precursors developing during hemopoiesis

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5
Q

Earliest Fetal Life

A

Erythrocyte (the RBC) is believed to arise from
the yolk sac mesoderm
Liver and spleen as a temporary hemopoietic
tissue

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6
Q

Second Month

A

also called hematopoiesis

Clavicles have begun to ossify and begin to develop bone marrow

Bone marrow becomes the predominant
hemopoietic tissue

It replaces the liver and spleen which served as
temporary hemopoietic organs

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7
Q

After birth and in adults

A

Development of erythrocytes and granular leucocytes (WBCs) are derived from the bone marrow

Large numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes
also develop in the bone marrow

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8
Q

Mesoblastic Phase

A

First detectable in the mesenchyme of the body
stalk and in neighboring areas of the yolk sac

Occurs during the 2nd week of life

Blood islands (erythroblastic)

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9
Q

Blood islands (erythroblastic)

A

Clusters of mesenchymal cells round up and differentiate into large basophilic cells

Earliest basophilic cells differentiate into primitive erythroblasts

Synthesize hemoglobin and develop into immature blood cells called erythrocytes

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10
Q

Blasts

A

immature cells

We don’t have blast cells in the blood circulation in
the adult life.

should only be found in the bone marrow

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11
Q

HEPATIC PHASE

A

Appear in the primordium of the liver

6 weeks age of gestation

Definitive erythroblast (rise to anucleated erythrocytes)

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12
Q

2nd Month (Hepatic Phase)

A

Granular leucocytes and megakaryocytes appear in the sinusoids of the liver

Spleen becomes the site of hemopoiesis

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13
Q

Myeloid Phase

A

Blood Vessels begin to penetrate into cavities created by degeneration of chondrocytes in the cartilage models of bones during the 4th month of gestation.

Differentiate into bones forming osteoblasts and reticulum cells

Blood formation begins in the primitive bone marrow, initiating the myeloid phase of hemopoiesis

Bone marrow is the major blood-forming organ

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14
Q

Chondrocytes

A

cartilage cells

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15
Q

Bone Marrow (Myeloid Tissue)

A

Found in medullary canals of long bones

Cavities of spongy bones

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16
Q

Two types of bone marrow

A

Red Bone Marrow

Yellow Bone Marrow

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17
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

produced by an abundance
of blood and hemopoietic cells,

In newborns, it is all red bone marrow

contains a reticular connective tissue stroma, hemopoietic cords or islands of cells, and sinusoidal capillaries.

a site where older, defective
erythrocytes undergo phagocytosis by macrophages

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18
Q

Red Bone Marrow (Function)

A

Production of blood cells (immature developmental stages)

Destruction of the erythrocytes

Storage of iron

Production of undifferentiated B and T
lymphocytes

It is called hematogenous or active bone marrow

Color is due to the presence of numerous RBC’s and
their precursors

Form a sponge-like structure traversed by numerous
sinusoidal capillaries

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19
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Adult type

Found in the medullary cavities of long bones

Rich in adipose cells that do not produce blood cells

Contains macrophages, undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells and reticular cells.

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20
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow (Function)

A

Storage organ, by virtue of its richness in fats

Reserve of hematopoietic tissue in pathologic
conditions

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21
Q

Unitarian or Monophyletic Theory

A

All formed elements of blood originate from a single stem cell, the hemocytoblast

Pluripotential stem cell

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22
Q

Dualistic or Diphyletic Theory

A

Blood cells arise from two stem cells

Myeloblast and Lymphoblast

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23
Q

Myeloblast

A

Erythrocytes and granular leucocytes

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24
Q

Lymphoblasts

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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25
Q

Polyphyletic theory

A

Existence of a primitive stem cell for each type of blood cells

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26
Q

Hemopoietic Stem Cells

A

Hemocytoblast is a primitive stem or parent cell in myeloid and lymphatic tissues

Able to differentiate into several different types of
mature blood cells

Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSC)

Colony training unit or CFU

The immediate progeny of a pluripotential stem cell are unipotential stem cells or committed stem cells

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27
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of red blood cells

Development of a mature erythrocyte takes about 3
days

Synthesis of hemoglobin

Formation of a small an erythrocyte

Greatest possible area for the diffusion of oxygen

requires approximately a week and involves three to five cell divisions between the
progenitor cell stage and the release of functional cells into the circulation.

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28
Q

Major morphologic and histologic changes that
occur during the maturation

A

Cell volume decreases

Nucleoli diminish in size until they become invisible under light microscope

Nucleus diameter decreases and chromatin becomes increasingly denser

Decrease in the number of polyribosomes (basophilia)

Increase in the amount of hemoglobin (acidophilic) within the cytoplasm

Quantity of mitochondria diminishes

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29
Q

Proerythroblast (Rubriblast)

A

Earliest stage that develops from the pluripotential stem cell or CFU

Cell is large, rounded nucleus and uniformly dispersed chromatin pattern.

Present nucleoli; basophilic cytoplasm

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30
Q

Basophilic erythroblast (pre-rubricyte)

A

Smaller than the proerythroblast

Nucleus contains coarse chromatin; absent
nucleoli

Basophilic cytoplasm

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31
Q

Polychromatophilic Erythroblast (Rubricyte)

A

Cells show mixed colors varying from purplish blue to lilac to gray

Nucleus has a denser chromatin network

Coarser chromatin bodies that give a checkerboard appearance

Smaller

Hemoglobin is of sufficient quantity (acidophilia)

Decreased basophilia of cytoplasm

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32
Q

Normoblast (Acidophilic Erythroblast)

A

Still immature (-blast)

Same amount of hemoglobin as RBC’s; exhibits acidophilia

Smaller

Smaller densely basophilic nucleolus

Nucleus becomes pyknotic and is extruded from the cell

Small fragments of nucleus occasionally remain and give rise to deeply staining bodies called Howell-Jolly bodies.

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33
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Youngest erythrocyte found in circulation.

Normal value: < 1%

Supravital staining with cresyl blue demonstrates a delicate reticulum of variable appearance and size that stains dark blue in the otherwise pink cytoplasm

Dependable index of the rate of formation of new red blood cells

Seen in recovery of patients from blood loss or their response to treatment for anemia

mature as erythrocytes

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34
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Mature RBC

Biconcave disc

Anucleated

Large numbers in the bone marrow parenchyma

Released into the peripheral blood

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35
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

involves cytoplasmic changes
dominated by synthesis of proteins for the azurophilic granules and specific granules

These proteins are produced in the rough ER and in the prominent Golgi apparatus in two successive stages

36
Q

Myeloblast

A

From pluripotential stem cell

Deeply staining basophilic cytoplasm, devoid of granules

Round or oval nucleus; 2 or more nucleoli

Sieve-like appearance of chromatin pattern

the most immature recognizable cell in the myeloid series

37
Q

Promyelocyte

A

Larger

Ovoid nucleus; indented prominent nucleoli

Deeply staining basophilic cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is more basophilic and contains azurophilic granules

38
Q

Myelocyte

A

Appearance of specific granules in the developing myelocytes

Reduction in size

Decreased basophilia of the cytoplasm

Indented nucleus indents, irregular in shape

Nucleoli disappear

Chromatin are more dense and compact

39
Q

Neutrophilic myelocyte

A

Specific granules contain alkaline phosphatase and phagocytin

40
Q

Eosinophilic myelocyte

A

Large and refractile and contain acid hydrolytic and oxidase enzymes

41
Q

Basophilic myelocyte

A

Irregularly sized basophilic granules which contain heparin, histamine and serotonin

42
Q

Metamyelocyte

A

Nucleus with a deep indentation indicating the
beginning of lobe formation

Cytoplasm is a deep pink color

Denser nucleus pattern

43
Q

Neutrophilic

A

Nucleus becomes irregular and often assumes a band form

44
Q

Eosinophilic

A

Nucleus is frequently bilobed.

45
Q

Basophilic

A

Nucleus does not differentiate into distinct lobes as of this stage

46
Q

Neutrophils

A

Nucleus is lobulated (3-5) and cytoplasm contains neutrophilic granules

47
Q

Eosinophils

A

Nucleus is bilobed and cytoplasm contains coarse acidophilic granules

48
Q

Basophils

A

Nucleus is S-shaped (bilobed) or indistinct and cytoplasm contains basophilic granules

49
Q

THROMBOPOIESIS

A

Formation of thrombocytes or blood platelets

Platelets originate in the red bone marrow

Fragmentation of the cytoplasm of huge
polymorphonuclear cells called megakaryocytes
become platelets

50
Q

Megakaryoblast

A

Large cell with round or indented nucleus

Loose chromatin pattern

Inconspicuous nucleoli

Cytoplasm is basophilic and largely free of specific granules

51
Q

Promegakaryocytes

A

The cytoplasm increases its volume

Basophilia diminishes

Azurophilic granules become dispersed

52
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Very large and lobulated nucleus

Azurophilic granules are widely scattered in the central region of the cytoplasm but generally absent from a narrow peripheral zone of pale, blue ectoplasm

This rim of clear ectoplasm becomes less conspicuous in mature platelets forming
megakaryocytes

Azurophil granules become clustered in small groups separated by narrow aisles of agranular cytoplasm

53
Q

LYMPHOPOIESIS

A

Lymphopoietic stem cells originate in the bone marrow

Those destined to become T-lymphocytes leave the marrow

The genesis of B-lymphocytes appears to take place in multiple sites including the lymphoid tissue, spleen, and bone marrow

Bone marrow is the major site of B-lymphopoiesis

Development of B-lymphocytes as well as
monocytes occurs in the lymphoid tissue and in the bone marrow

54
Q

MONOPOIESIS

A

Macrophage cell line shares with the granulocytes and the common committed stem cell, the CFU-GM, monoblast divides into a promonocyte.

Half of the promonocytes rapidly proliferate to generate monocytes

Remainder constitutes a reserve of progenitor cells

Immature monocytes in the marrow possess a round nucleus and abundant cytoplasm.

More mature monocyte is smaller with a larger and
has more azurophil granules, which contain hydrolytic enzymes regarded as primary lysosomes.

Monocytes can enlarge and take the characteristic of a typical macrophage in tissues

55
Q

Blood

A

Consists of cells suspended in plasma

Vehicle for the transport of gases, nutrients, metabolic waste products, cells and hormones

56
Q

Plasma

A

A specialized connective tissue

8% of body weight

5-6 liters of blood in a person weighing 150 pounds

57
Q

Serum

A

If blood is removed from the circulatory system, it will
clot. This clot contains formed elements and a clear yellow fluid

Clear yellow fluid when blood clots

Equivalent in composition to plasma

Lacks fibrinogen and some other protein factors and some other protein factors
necessary for clot formation and contains serotonin in increased amounts.

58
Q

Hematocrit

A

permits estimation of the volume of packed erythrocytes per unit volume of blood.

The normal value is 40-50% in the adult male and 35-45% in the adult female.

59
Q

Plasma

A

translucent yellowish and somewhat viscous supernatant obtained in measured hematocrit

homogenous, slightly alkaline fluid that contains proteins like albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen and inorganic salts, chiefly chloride, sodium and bicarbonates.

constitutes 55% of the total quantity of blood and formed elements constitute 45%

mediates the transport of nutritive substance derived from the alimentary tract, the waste substances from the tissues and the secretions
of the various endocrine glands

oxygen that is bound by the blood cells is first dissolved in the plasma before reaching the cells

60
Q

Serum

A

In a tube with no
anticoagulant, blood will clot. If it clots and it has a liquid, it is serum.

Absence of Fibrinogen

61
Q

Plasma

A

In a tube with anticoagulant, if you centrifuge it, liquid will rise and those are the
plasma.

Presence of Fibrinogen

62
Q

Preparing A Blood Smear

A
  1. Prick finger and collect a small amount of blood.
  2. Place a drop of blood on a slide.
  3. Using a second slide, pull the drop of blood across
    the slide surface, leaving a thin layer of blood on the
    slide. After the blood dries, apply a stain for contrast.
    Place a coverslip on top
  4. When viewed under the microscope, blood smear
    reveals the components of the formed elements.
63
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells or RBC

Red corpuscles

Transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs (primary
function)

Life span is 120 days

Normal Value (NV): 4.5 to 5.5 million per mm3

Non-nucleated

Biconcave discs w/ an average diameter of 7.5 um

64
Q

Under Red Blood Cells

A

Rouleaux formation
Hemoglobin
Hyperchromic
Hypochromic
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis
Anemia
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

65
Q

Rouleaux formation

A

Ability of the RBC to be seen in packed

66
Q

Hemoglobin

A

most important component of erythrocytes

has a remarkable property of binding oxygen in
a very loose combination (oxyhemoglobin)

12-15 grams/ mm3

67
Q

Hyperchromic

A

Increased hemoglobin in blood

68
Q

Hypochromic

A

Lightly stained, pale

Low hemoglobin

69
Q

Anisocytosis:

A

Microcytic = small size
Macrocytic = large size

70
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Variation in the shape of RBC

In blood picture

71
Q

Hypertonic

A

Crenation (shrunken)

Cockle-Burr appearance

When RBC are subjected to in a hypertonic solution, they shrink or crenate.

The appearance in the RBS is known as Cockle-Burr appearance

72
Q

Hypotinic

A

Swelling

Hemolysis

When RBC is placed in a hypotonic solution, they swell and lyse.

Lalaki tapos puputok

73
Q

Normal Erythrocytes

A

Not easily deformed, flexible, easily distensible, can pass through the capillaries

74
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells

Spherical shaped cells, with nucleus and cytoplasm

NV: 5,000-10,000 per mm3 of blood

Leucocytosis
Leucopenia

75
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increased in leucocyte count.

76
Q

Leucopenia

A

A decreased in leucocyte count.

77
Q

Neutrophils

A

aka Polymorphonuclear leucocytes, PMN’s or
Segmenters

One nucleus, 3-5 lobes

Most abundant

NV: 55 to 65%

Normal life span is about 8 days

Diameter is 10-12 um

The polymorphic nucleus shows 3-5 sausage shaped masses of chromatin

Young cell

Nucleus has a single elongated shape

78
Q

Drumstick nucleus

A

In neutrophils of women, the chromatin representing
the condensed X chromosome forms a minute
separate lobule

79
Q

Eosinophils

A

NV: 1-3% of the total population of leucocytes

Life span is 8-12 days

Average diameter of 10-12 um

Bilobed nucleus

Cytoplasm contains coarse acidophilic granules

Contain lysosomal enzymes rich in peroxidase

Increased in parasitic infestations, allergic reaction
and helminthic infections (worm infection)

do not normally phagocytize bacteria, but they do not selectively ingest and destroy antigen-antibody complexes

appear to be attached to sites where basophils and mast cells abound

Respond to eosinophil chemotactic factors released
by basophils and mast cells

80
Q

Basophils

A

NV: 0.5-1.0%

cells are the least numerous of the granulocytes

Eosinophil granule = Pink ; Basophil granule = Blue

10 um in diameter

Nucleus is relatively large and irregularly polymorphous

Lobe is not as clearly defined as in other granulocytes, but may assume an S shape, U shape, or J shape. Bilobed.

Cytolasm contains granules that are larger, basophilic, and metachromatic

Basophil granules are peroxidase positive and contain histamine

Presence of specific receptors for IgE (Immunoglobulin E)

IgE is increased to 20 fold in persons suffering from hay fever, asthma, or allergic dermatitis

It is the reangenic antibody (i.e. antibody against allergens) that results in the immediate type of hypersensitivity (Type I)

81
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Second most numerous of leucocytes in blood

25 to 35% of the circulating WBC

7-9 um in diameter, smaller compared to other WBC’s

No specific granules

Large spherical nucleus, which may be slightly
indented on one side, purplish blue color

Cytoplasm is pale blue, has a thin rim (Wright’s stain)

Increased in chronic and viral infections

Participate in immunologic responses of the body
designated as T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

82
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest of formed elements

Average diameter: 14 to 16 um

NV: 2- 8% of the leucocytes of circulating blood

Cytoplasm is more abundant and has a grayish blue tint

Scattered small azurophil granules

Nucleus is oval, kidney shaped (reniform) or
horse shoe-shaped

Chromatin network is finer and stains less densely

Stay in circulation for only about 1-3 days

Transformed into macrophages in tissues

Mobile reserve of scavengers that play a valuable defensive role by phagocytosis and intracellular digestion of invading microorganism.

83
Q

Monocytosis

A

Macrophage formation

Phagocytosis

84
Q

Thrombocytes

A

aka Platelets

Biconcave discs

2 to 3 um in diameter, smallest

Non-nucleated

Clusters or groups

NV: 150,000 to 300,000 per mm3

Involved in the clotting of blood at sites of injury to
blood vessels

Essential against excessive blood loss

85
Q

Thromboplastin

A

An enzyme liberated by platelets

Important factor

Affects the clotting mechanism in blood coagulation pathway especially in patients with
blood loss and infections

86
Q

Lymph

A

A colorless fluid

Collected from tissues

Returned to the blood stream

Circulates in only one direction, towards the heart

Empty into the corresponding innominate vein at the root of the neck to enter in the heart

Carries carbonic acid with very little oxygen

During digestion, the lymphatics of the intestine
become filled with a large number of lipid containing
chylomicrons

Lymph assumes a white color known as chyle

Chylomicrons are remained and stored temporarily by the lymphatic organs

Lymph coagulates, although much more slowly than blood, the fibrin forming a colorless clot in which the
cells are entangled

87
Q
A

Histology Midterm (2 decks)

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