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Anatomy and Physiology I > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system (basic definition)

A

Comprised of skin, hair and nails

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2
Q

Layers of skin (outer to inner) (3)

A

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis (also called subcutaneous tissue layer)

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3
Q

Functions of skin (4)

A

Absorb ultraviolet light to produce vitamin D for bone development

Sensory receptors and glands for protection of skin and underlying tissues

Protects against extreme temperature changes

Protection from pathogenic microorganisms

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4
Q

Function of lymphatic system

A

If organisms make it past skin, lymphatic system mounts the attack to defend the body’s internal environment

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5
Q

Merkel’s cells and Meissner’s corpuscles (same function)

A

Mechanoreceptors that detect mechanical sensory information in the form of light touch and vibration

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6
Q

Nociceptors

A

Detect pain, such as from a pin prick

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7
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Detect mechanical sensory information of pressure applied to skin

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8
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect hot and cold

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9
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Release secretions through duct into epithelial surface or lining

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10
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Glands set within epithelial tissue and release their contents through a duct to the surface

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11
Q

Sebaceous glands (2)

A

Oil glands that produce sebum to keep skin and hair from drying out

Inhibit growth of harmful organisms

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12
Q

Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) (2)

A

Produce sweat in almost every part of skin

Help body regulate its temperature through process called thermoregulation (release of heat from body)

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13
Q

Perspiration

A

The release of sweat

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14
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium (layered and flat)

A

Substance of epidermis

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15
Q

The Epidermis (description) (4)

A

Made of stratified squamous epithelium

Avascular (no direct blood supply)

Four distinct layers

Adhered to basement membrane

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16
Q

Cell renewal (Epidermis) (2)

A

Cells of stratum basale divide and push toward surface (renewal of skin cells - 30 days)

Superficial layer of the stratum corneum contains dead cells (slough off from friction after two weeks at surface)

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17
Q

Basal lamina

A

Basement membrane, which provides nutrients to epidermis

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18
Q

4 layers of epidermis (superficial to deep)

A

Stratum corneum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale (adhered to basement membrane)

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19
Q

Function of stratum basale

A

Cells divide to replenish skin (30 days to move from stratus basale to surface of skin)

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20
Q

Epidermal ridges (2)

A

Ridges in stratum basale

Unique to individuals (ex. fingerprints)

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21
Q

Melanocytes (2)

A

Produce pigment called melanin

Absorb ultraviolet rays and determines skin color

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22
Q

Langerhans cells (2)

A

Immune cells

First line of defense for body, helping identify microorganisms before they reach the body

23
Q

Merkel cells

A

Sensory receptor that responds to light touch

24
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce a tough substance called keratin, which results in keratinozation of epidermis to toughen and protect it

25
Q

Fibroblast cells

A

Produce collagen, which helps to adhere the cells of the epidermis to each other and give skin elasticity

26
Q

Dermis (definition and contents) (4)

A

Second layer of skin

Contains sweat glands, oil glands and sensory organs

Contains Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles

High water content

27
Q

Two regions of dermis (2)

A

Papillary region

Reticular region

28
Q

Easy test for dehydration

A

Pinch skin on back of hand to see if skin stays pinched

29
Q

Reticular region of dermis contents

A

Network of blood vessels to provide main blood supply for skin

30
Q

Contusion (or bruise)

A

Damage to blood vessel in dermis resulting in leakage of blood into dermis

31
Q

Hypodermis (definition (3) and layers (2))

A

Deepest layer of skin made mostly of fat cells (adipocytes). Anchored to layer of fat cells

Helps insulate and regulate body temperature

Protects deeper tissues and organs from inuries

Layer 1 - Subcutaneous fat

Layer 2 - Subcutaneous tissue

32
Q

Dermatomes (2)

A

Region of skin innervated by one sensory nerve

Each region of skin innervated by a spinal nerve except the face (which is innervated by a cranial nerve)

33
Q

Hair components (2)

A

Root (in dermis layer - has bulb and blood vessels)

Shaft

34
Q

Hair characteristics (3)

A

Extends through epidermis to external surface of skin

Made of dead epidermal cells converted to keratin

Sebaceous gland found at the root of each follicle

35
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Smooth muscle connected to hair follicle that contracts when body is cold or experiences emotional responses

36
Q

Nails

A

Made of dead epidermal cells converted to keratin

37
Q

Nail body

A

Visible portion of each nail

38
Q

Nail root

A

Not visible portion of nail

39
Q

Cuticle

A

Nail root covering visible portion of nail

40
Q

Lunula (nail)

A

Visible portion of the nail bed near the nail root, which is crescent shaped

41
Q

Tissue (definition and composition) (2)

A

Comprised of cells which are similar in structure and function

Made of cells and matrix

42
Q

Matrix (extracellular material) composition (3)

A

Ground substance (extracellular fluid)

Protein

Collagen fibers

43
Q

Why is tissue repair important? (2)

A

Prevents blood loss

Prevents microorganisms from entering bloodstream

44
Q

Tissue repair steps (7)

A

1) Blood platelets from broken blood vessel start to accumulate in the area of tissue damage

2) Clot formed from platelets, secreting a mesh-like substance to prevent blood loss

3) Mast cells release histamine, a chemical that helps dilate blood vessels to bring increased blood and nutrients to injured area

4) Histamines initiate a local inflammatory response, which signals other cells

5) Macrophages (white blood cells) engulf and destroy disease causing pathogens

6) Fibroblasts help secrete new collagen in shape of old tissue

7) Remodeling - tissue matures and cells take on original functions

45
Q

Clot

A

Mesh like substance composed of platelets to protect a wound

46
Q

Mast cells

A

Release histamine

Cause local inflammatory response, including increased blood flow to injured area and signaling other cells to move toward injured site

47
Q

Macrophages (white blood cells)

A

Cells that engulf and destroy disease causing pathogens

48
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Help secrete new collagen in shape of old tissue to repair a wound

49
Q

Scar

A

If wound is too deep

An overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue that cannot be fully replaced by original tissue

50
Q

First degree burns (superficial burns)

A

Only damage epidermis layer of the skin

Example: Mild sunburn

51
Q

Second degree burns (partial thickness burns) (3)

A

Damage epidermis and part of the dermis layers of skin

Turn red and form blisters

Painful

Examples: cooking injury, severe sunburn, exposure to fire

52
Q

Third degree burns (full thickness burns) (3)

A

Damage epidermis, entire dermis and may extend to subcutaneous layer of skin

Injured skin looks white and may have “charred” appearance

Extremely painful

Examples: Scalding liquid, exposure to hot object for long period, exposure to fire

53
Q

Fourth degree burns (2)

A

Damage epidermis, dermis, hypodermis and underlying tissue such as muscle and bone.

No sensation because nerve endings are destroyed

54
Q

Skin graft (2)

A

Burn treatment where healthy skin is taken from a person’s own body and grafted on top of damaged area

Decreases recovery time and prevents infection

Anatomy and Physiology I (3 decks)

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