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Anatomy and Physiology I > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System (basic definition)

A

Coordinates various activities of body parts by utilizing chemical messengers called hormones

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2
Q

Hormone (basic definition)

A

Organic chemical produced by one set of cells that affect a different set of cells.

Every hormone has a specific organ/gland of origin, a target organ/gland and a specific action

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3
Q

Peptide hormones (3 attributes)

A

Derived from proteins, peptides or catecholamines.

Activate existing enzymes in cell

Act quickly for short period of time

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4
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine system (3 differences)

A

Endocrine - slow
Nervous - fast

Hormones
Neurotransmitters

Release into bloodstream
Releases into other neurons, glands, muscles

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5
Q

Steroid (3 attributes)

A

Derived from cholesterol

Enter nucleus of cell and can pass through plasma membrane

Act more slowly than peptides because take more time to synthesize new proteins

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6
Q

Endocrine glands (basic definition)

A

Ductless, secreting their contents directly into the bloodstream for distribution throughout body

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7
Q

Exocrine glands (basic definition)

A

Have ducts that secrete their contents into an epithelial surface

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8
Q

Primary endocrine organs (seven)

A

Secrete hormones that chemically regulate body functions

Include hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and pancreas

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9
Q

Location of glands:
Adrenal glands
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas

A

Adrenal - superiorly on each kidney
Thyroid - neck, attached to trachea just below larynx
Parathyroid glands - embedded into posterior surface of thyroid gland
Pancreas - transversely in the abdomen between the kidneys and near the duodenum

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10
Q

Secondary endocrine organs (4)

A

Secrete hormones as a secondary function

Includes the heart, kidneys, gonads and thymus

Thymus is a globular gland that lies in the upper thoracic cavity

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11
Q

Negative feedback system

A

Way body maintains homeostasis, or set point.

Similar to thermostat.

Body senses low levels of hormones in blood, turns them on to achieve homeostasis

Example - ADH dilutes blood. Once blood is dilute, the hypothalamus senses this and shuts off the release of ADH

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12
Q

Positive feedback system

A

Enhances or increases the amount of the hormone that is regulated

Oxytocin is an example - causes uterus to contract. Positive feedback stops once baby is born.

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13
Q

Hypothalamus (definition and processes controlled)

A

Portion of brain that regulates the internal environment and homeostasis

Helps to control heart rate, body temperature, water balance and glandular secretions of pituitary gland

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14
Q

Pituitary gland (definition and location)

A

Lies below hypothalamus

Divided into two portions called posterior and anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary attaches to directly attaches to hypothalamus by means of a stalk-like structure

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15
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Neurons in the hypothalamus that both respond to neurotransmitters and produce the hormones that are stored in and released from posterior pituitary

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16
Q

Two major hormones of posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

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17
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Promotes reabsorption of water into kidneys

No longer needed once blood becomes dilute

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18
Q

Oxytocin

A

Made by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary

Causes uterus to contract through positive feedback system

Stimulates release of milk from mammary glands for nursing

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19
Q

Anterior pituitary (definition and 7 hormones)

A

Stimulates following hormones which then stimulate other organs and endocrine glands:

Growth Hormone (GH)

Prolactin

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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20
Q

Three-tiered relationship (definition)

A

Hypothalamus produces hormones that travel to anterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary then stimulated to produce specific hormones that control the thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonads

Those glands produce hormones through negative feedback mechanism

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21
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Causes changes and growth in:

Cell growth

Bone growth

Skeletal muscle growth

Liver

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22
Q

Pituitary dwarf

A

Underdeveloped child due to lack of GH

23
Q

Pituitary giant

A

Overdeveloped as a child due to too much GH

24
Q

Acromegaly

A

Overdeveloped as an adult from GH

Results in enlargement of hands, feet and face

25
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Child birth/nursing hormone

Stimulates mammary glands to develop to produce milk

Aids in carbohydrate and fat metabolism

26
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Stimulates melaconytes to increase melanin production

Helps to absorb ultraviolet light and darken skin

27
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulate thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4

28
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Sent from anterior pituitary gland to adrenal gland

29
Q

Gonadotropic hormones (2)

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Leutinizing hormone (LH)

30
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (male and female development)

A

Males - Testes and sperm development

Females: Estrogen production and follicle maturation for egg production

31
Q

Leutinizing hormone (LH) (male and female function)

A

Male - Testosterone development

Females - Ovluation and release of progesterone (important for maintenance of pregnancy)

32
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

Produces T3 and T4 (thyroxin)

Contains iodine

T4 increases metabolic rate to help with cell growth

33
Q

Goiter formation (thyroid)

A

Enlarged thyroid

Low level of iodine

Thyroid cannot produce T4

Low level of T4 in blood

Anterior pituitary gland increases TSH production

Thyroid enlarges

Enlargement ineffective

34
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism

A

Occurs in people with low thyroid function since birth

Reduced skeletal growth, sexual immaturity and abnormal protein metabolism

Often leads to intellectual disability

35
Q

Thyroid / Parathyroid interaction (describe process)

A

Thyroid produces calcitonin
Lowers level of calcium in blood
Promotes osteoblasts
Deposits calcium into bone
Opposes the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid produces PTH
Increases level of calcium in blood
Promotes osteoclasts
Calcium absorbed by intestines
Opposes the action of calcitonin

Both stopped by negative feedback

36
Q

Tetany (define and 4 results of condition)

A

Blood sodium remains too low

Low PTH production

Results in:
Low calcium in blood
Electrolyte imbalance
Cramps
Involuntary muscle contractions (shaking)

37
Q

Adrenal glands (location and 2 components)

A

Atop corresponding kidney

Medulla - inner portion

Cortex - outer portion

No physiological connection with each other, only hormonal

38
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into bloodstream under conditions of stress

“Fight or flight” reaction
Higher blood glucose and metabolic rate
Breathing and heart rate increase
Blood vessels in intestine constrict
Blood vessels dilate in muscles

Epinephrine is used to stimulate body in cardiac arrest

Can be removed

39
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Produce glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Primary glucocorticoid is cortisol (released under control by ACTH)

Primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone

Small amount of male/female sex hormones

40
Q

Cortisol (definition and 4 attributes)

A

Glucocorticoid

Secreted by adrenal cortex

Controlled by anterior pituitary hormone ACTH

Promotes hydrolysis (breaking apart) of muscle protein to amino acids that enter blood, leading to increased level of glucose

Favors metabolism of fatty acids rather than carbohydrates

Operates in opposition to insulin by raising blood glucose level

Counteracts inflammatory response

41
Q

Aldosterone (definition and 3 attributes)

A

Most significant mineralocortocoid

Not controlled by the anterior pituitary

Regulates level of sodium ions and potassium ions in the blood

Primary target organ is kidney, where it promotes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassium

“Water follows salt”

Increased blood volume and blood pressure

42
Q

Pineal gland

A

Produces melatonin primarily at night to increase sleepiness

Receives nerve impulses from eyes by way of the optic tract to detect reduced light

Interaction of nervous and endocrine systems

Involved in daily cycles called circadium rhythms

43
Q

Pancreas - two types of tissue

A

Exocrine tissue - produces and secretes digestive juices that go by way of ducts to small intestine

Endocrine tissue (pancreatic islets of Langerhans) - produces and secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon directly into the blood.

44
Q

Insulin (definition and four different actions)

A

Secreted by beta cells of the pancreas when there is a high blood glucose level (usually after eating)

Three different actions:
1) Stimulates liver, fat and muscles cells to take up and metabolize glucose
2) Stimulates liver and muscles to store glucose as glycogen
3) Promotes the buildup of fats and proteins and inhibits their use as an energy source
4) Lowers blood glucose level

45
Q

Glucagon (definition and action)

A

Secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas in between eating

Produced during times of low blood glucose levels

Opposite effects of insulin - stimulates the breakdown of stored nutrients and causes blood glucose level to rise

46
Q

Kidneys (non-endocrine and endocrine functions)

A

Non-endocrine - excretion of urine and water balance

Endocrine - produce a hormone called erythropoietin

47
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Acts on bone marrow to cause an increased release of red blood cells into the bloodstream

Without this action, anemia can occur, which is why patients with kidney disease are often anemic

48
Q

Gonads

A

Sex organs

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland control hormonal secretions through FSH and LH

Testes in the male - produces testosterone

Ovaries in the female - produces estrogen and progesterone

49
Q

Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone

Necessary for maturation of sperm and development and functioning of male sex organs

Brings about secondary male sex characteristics at puberty - beard, body hair, pubic hair, larynx and vocal cords to enlarge, oil and sweat glands to secrete (resulting in body odor and acne)

Responsible for sex drive

50
Q

Female gonadotropic hormones

A

FSH - development of follicle on ovary to mature before ovulation. Increases estrogen production

LH - acts on the ovary to cause ovulation to occur and causes progesterone release to allow for fertilization of egg and pregnancy

51
Q

Estrogen

A

Stimulate growth of uterus and vagina

Necessary for egg maturation in ovary

Secondary sex characteristics in females, such as female body hair and fat distribution, enlarged pelvic cavity

Required, along with progesterone, for breast development and regulation of the uterine cycle

52
Q

Progesterone

A

Released by ovaries and the placenta if fertilization occurs

Key hormone for maintenance of pregnancy

Allows potential fertilization of egg and pregnancy

Required, along with estrogen, for breast development and regulation of uterine cycle

53
Q

Thymus

A

Largest size and most active during childhood

Located above right side of heart

Organ gets smaller and becomes fatty with aging

Produces various hormones called thymosins, which aid the development of T cells throughout the body

Aids in immune system

Anatomy and Physiology I (3 decks)

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