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ANAPHY > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

it includes the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, glands, and nails

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

skin is made up of two major tissue layers:
1.
2.

A

epidermis
dermis

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3
Q

what are the major functions of integumentary system

A
  1. Protection. The skin is the covering of the body. Though
    exposed to the external environment, the skin’s structure reduces
    the negative and harmful effects of ultraviolet light. Acting as
    a barrier, the skin also keeps microorganisms from entering
    the body and prevents dehydration by reducing water loss.
  2. Sensation. The integumentary system has sensory receptors
    that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain.
  3. Temperature regulation. The skin plays a major role in
    regulating body temperature through the modulation of blood
    flow through the skin and the activity of sweat glands.
  4. Vitamin D production. When exposed to ultraviolet light, the skin
    produces a molecule that can be transformed into the hormonal
    form of vitamin D, an important regulator of calcium homeostasis.
  5. Excretion. Small amounts of waste products are excreted
    through the skin and glands.
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4
Q

Skin

  • Most superficial layer
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • In deepest layers, mitosis occurs
A

Epidermis

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5
Q

cells change shape and chemical
composition; cells become filed with the protein keratin
(hard)

A

keratinazion

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6
Q

transformation of the living cells of the stratum basale into the dead squamous cells of the
stratum corneum

A

keratinazion

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7
Q

deepest; cuboidal & columnar cells,
undergo mitosis every 19 days

A

stratum basale

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8
Q

most superficial stratum; dead squamous cells filled with keratin (structural strength);
lipids (prevent fluid loss); joined by desmosomes

A

stratum corneum

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9
Q

thickened area

A

callus

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10
Q

bony prominence, thickened corn shaped
structure

A

corn

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11
Q
  • Dense collagenous connective tissue, contains
  • fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages
  • Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, lymphatic vessels
A

Dermis

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12
Q

structural strength

A

Collagen (resist stretching) & elastic fibers

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13
Q

collagen fibers are
oriented in some directions; skin is most resistant to
stretch along these lines

A

Cleavage lines/Tension lines

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14
Q

Cleavage lines/Tension lines

A

Stretch marks

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15
Q

contain blood vessels that supply the
epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products, and
regulate body temperature

A

dermal papillae

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16
Q

pigments responsible for skin, hair, eye color

A

melanin

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17
Q

produce melanin; irregularly shaped
cells; s. basale

A

melanocytes

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18
Q

vesicles derived from GA where
melanin is produced

A

melanosomes

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19
Q

Factors of Melanin Production

A

a. Genetic factors
b. Exposure to UV light
c. Hormones

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20
Q

recessive genetic trait that causes deficiency
/ absence of melanin

A

albinism

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21
Q

bluish skin color; decreased blood O2

A

Cyanosis

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22
Q

yellow pigment in plants (squash, carrots);
source of vitamin A

A

Carotene

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23
Q

congenital disorder of the capillaries in the
dermis

A

birthmark

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24
Q
  • Attaches the skin to underlying bones
  • Also called the hypodermis
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Storage of our body’s fat (padding, insulation)
A

Subcutaneous Tissue

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25
Q

Columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells. Produced in the hair bulb

A

HAIR

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26
Q

where each hair rises

A

hair follicle

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27
Q

above the skin

A

shaft

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28
Q

root

A

below the skin

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29
Q

site of hair cell formation

A

hair bulb

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30
Q

hard keratin

A

cortex

31
Q

soft central core

A

medulla

32
Q

single layer of overlapping cells that holds the
hair in the hair follicle

A

cuticle

33
Q
  • Hair is formed by epithelial cells within the hair
  • bulb
  • Divide and undergo keratinization
  • Hair root + shaft = columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells**
A

Growth stage

34
Q
  • Hair is held in the hair follicle. Growth stops
A

Resting Stage

35
Q

A new hair is formed. The old hair falls out

A

Next growth stage

36
Q

grow for about 30 days; rest for 105 days

A

eyelashes

37
Q

– grow for 3 years; rest for 1 , 2 years

A

scalp hairs

38
Q

smooth muscles; contraction = hair to
stand on end; produces goose bumps

A

arrector pilli

39
Q

Simple, branched acinar glands. Connected by a duct to the superficial part of
the hair follicle

A

Sebaceous Glands

40
Q

oily, white substance rich in lipids;
released by holocrine secretion; lubricates the
hair/surface of the skin (prevents drying and
protects against bacteria)

A

sebum

41
Q

Ø Simple, coiled, tubular glands
Ø Release sweat by melocrine
secretion
Ø Numerous in the palms and soles

A

eccrine sweat glands

42
Q

Ø Simple, coiled, tubular glands
Ø Produce a think secretion rich in
organic substances
Ø Released primary by melocrine
secretion; some glands demonstrate
holocrine secretion
Ø Open into hair follicles, in armpits
and genitalia
Ø Become active at puberty

A

apocrine sweat glands

43
Q

cerumen (earwax)

A

Ceruminous glands

44
Q

Mammary glands

A

milk

45
Q

Dead stratum corneum cells. Contain a very hard type of keratin

A

nail

46
Q

visible part of the nail

A

nail bed

47
Q

part of the nail covered by skin

A

Nail root

48
Q

§ Reducing water loss
§ Prevents microorganisms from entering the
body
§ Protects underlying structures against abrasion
§ Hair on head = insulator
§ Eyebrows = keep sweat out of the eyes
§ Eyelashes = protects the eyes from foreign
objects
§ Hair in the nose, ears = prevents the entry of
dust
§ Nails = protect the ends of the fingers, toes from
damage; can be used in defense

A

protection

49
Q

Sensory receptors for pain, touch, hot, cold,
pressure

A

sensation

50
Q

§ Skin exposed to UV light produces
cholecalciferol (modified in the liver, then in the
kidneys to produce active vitamin D)
§ Best sources of Vit. D = fatty fish, vit. D
fortified milk
§ Small amounts of Vit D = eggs, butter, liver
§ Active Vit. D stimulates the small intestine to
absorb calcium and phosphate (normal bone
growth, normal muscle function)

A

vitamin D production

51
Q

§ Normal body temp. = 37
C (98.6 F)
§ Rate of chemical rxns within the body can
increased of decreased based on the body temp.

A

temperature regulation

52
Q

Factors that raise body temperature
Ø Exercise
Ø Fever
Ø Increase in environmental
temperature

A

Ø Exercise
Ø Fever
Ø Increase in environmental
temperature

53
Q

____ controls heat loss from the body
through dilation and constriction of blood
vessels

A

skin

53
Q

________ produce sweat, which evaporates
and lowers body temperature

A

sweat glands

54
Q

Heat is lost by ________ (infrared energy),
convection (air movement), ___________ (direct
contact)

A

radiation
conduction

55
Q

Skin glands remove water and salt. Also removes small amounts of urea, uric acid,
ammonia

A

excretion

56
Q

bluish color to the skin caused by decreased
blod O2 content

A

cyanosis

57
Q

yellowish skin color caused by liver damage
(viral hepatitis)yellowish skin color caused by liver damage
(viral hepatitis)

A

jaundice

58
Q

symptoms of problems elsewhere;
e.g. Scarlet fever causes reddish rash, allergic reaction to
food or drugs can develop rashes

A

rashes and lesions

59
Q

excess keratin; sandpaper
texture characteristic

A

vit. A deficiency

60
Q

nails become flat or concave

A

iron deficiency anemia

61
Q

high levels of lead in the hair

A

Lead Poisoning

62
Q

injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction,
chemicals, electricity, and radiation

A

burns

63
Q

§ S. basale remains viable;
§ Regeneration of the epidermis occurs within the
burn area

A

Partial-thickness burns

64
Q

Ø Epidermis
Ø Red and painful
Ø Slight edema (swelling)

A

first degree burn

65
Q

Ø Epidermis, dermis
Ø Epidermis regenerates from the
epithelial tissue
Ø Dermal damage is minimal;
v Redness, pain, edema, blisters
v Healing = 2 weeks
v No scarring
Ø Deep into the dermis
v Red, tan, or white
v Takes several months to heal
v Might scar

A

second-degree burn

66
Q

Ø Epidermis, dermis, and underlying
tissues are completely destroyed
Ø Recovery occurs from the edges of
the burn wound
Ø Region of the 3rd degree burn is
painless (sensory receptors have
been destroyed)
Ø White, tan, brown, black, deep
cherry red
Ø Take a long time to heal
Ø Form scar tissue
Ø Skin grafts are used to prevent
complications and to speed healing

A

third-degree burn

67
Q

§ Most common type of cancer
§ Exposure to UV light from the sun
§ Usually on face, neck, hands
§ Most like to have skin cancer = fair skinned or
older than 50
§ Limiting exposure to sun, using sunscreen;
reduces the likelihood of developing skin cancer

A

skin cancer

68
Q

v Longer wavelength
v Causes most tanning of the skin
v Development of malignant
melanoma

A

UVA

69
Q

v Most burning of the skin
v Development of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma

A

UVB

70
Q

§ Most frequent type
§ S. basale and extends into the dermis to produce
an open ulcer
§ Cure; surgical removal or radiation therapy
§ Little danger of cancer to spread, metastasize

A

basal cell carcinoma

71
Q

§ Immediately superficial to the s. basale
§ Cells continue to divide as they produce keratin
= nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the
epidermis
§ Can invade the dermis, metastasize, and cause
death

A

squamous cell carcinoma

72
Q

§ Rare form of skin cancer that arises from
melanocytes; usually from a pre-existing mole
§ Mole – an aggregation or nest of melanocytes
§ Large, flat, spreading lesion or deeply
pigmented nodule
§ Metastasis is common
§ Often fatal

A

malignant melanoma

73
Q

§ Epidermis thins
§ Amount of collagen in the dermis decreases
§ Skin infections are most likely
§ Repair of skin occurs slower
§ Decrease no. of elastic fibers in the dermis and
loss of fat (sagging of skin, wrinkles)
§ Decrease of activity of sweat glands = reduced
ability to regulate body temp.
§ Decrease sebaceous gland activity = skin
becomes drier
§ Decrease no. of melanocytes
§ Some areas, the no. of melanocytes increase =
age spots
§ Increased melanin production = freckles; also,
gray/white hair
§ Skin that is exposed to sunlight = shows signs of
aging more rapidly

A

aging of skin in integumentary system

ANAPHY (3 decks)

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