Cell Structures and Their Functions Flashcards
Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli; site of RNA Synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
NUCLEUS
Site of protein synthesis
RIBOSOMES
Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ROUGH ER)
Site of Lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles
GOLGI APPARATUS
Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis
SECRETORY VESICLE
Contain enzymes that digest material taken into the cell; formed by golgi apparatus
LYSOSOME
Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
PEROXISOME
Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis
MITOCHONDRION
Supports cytoplasm, assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella
MICROTUBULE
Move substances over surface of certain cells
CILIA
Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division
CENTRIOLES
Propel sperm cell
FLAGELLA
Increase surface area of certain cells
Microvilli
Substances outside the cell
EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES
Substances inside the cell
CYTOPLASMIC OR INTRACELLULAR
(1) Supporting the cell contents, (2) acting as a selective barrier that determines what moves into and out of cell, (3) playing a role in communication between cells
FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE
The membrane is primarily made up of two major types of molecules:
PHOSPOLIPIDS, PROTEINS
Water fearing
HYDROPHOBIC
Cell membrane are selectively _______
PERMEABLE
They allow substance, but not others, to pass in or out of the cells
PERMEABLE
Does not require the cell to expend energy
PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Require the cell to expend energy
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
(1) Diffusion, (2) Osmosis, (3) Facilitated diffusion
PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
(1) Active transport, (2) secondary active transport, (3) Endocytosis, (4) Exocytosis
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
Solute tend to move from an area where it is in higher concentration to lower concentration
DIFFUSION
Difference in the concentration of solute in a solvent
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane
OSMOSIS
The force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm
HYPOTONIC
If the cell swells enough, it can rupture, a process called
LYSIS
The concentrations of various solutes and water are the same on both side of the cell membrane
ISOTONIC
Water moves by osmosis from the cell into the hypertonic solution, resulting in __
CELL SHRINKAGE OR CRENATION
A mediated transport process
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Two classes of cell membrane
LEAK CHANNELS AND GATED CHANNELS
Allows ions to pass through
LEAK CHANNELS
Limit the movement of ions across the membrane by opening and closing
GATED CHANNELS
Can move water soluble molecules or electrically charges ions across the cell membrane
CARRIER MOLECULES
A genetic disorder that affects the active transport of CL- into cells
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
The diffusing substances moves in the same direction
COTRANSPORT
The diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite of that of the transported substance
COUNTERTRANSPORT
Membrane bounds sacs
VESICLES
The uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of a vesicle
ENDOCYTOSIS
Endocytosis usually exhibits specificity, through the process of
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
Endocytosis when solid particles are ingested.
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Smaller vesicles are formed, and they contain liquid rather than solid particles
PINOCYTOSIS
The release of substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane
EXOCYTOSIS
A substance is taken into the cell by endocytosis, the vesicle is moved across the cell, and the substance is then released from the cell by exocytosis
TRANSCYTOSIS
Consist of an outer membrane and an inner membrane with a narrow space between them
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
Passageways through which materials move into or out of the nucleus
NUCLEAR PORES
How many pairs does Chromosomes have?
23
Caused by the inability of lysosomal enzymes to break down the carbohydrate hydrogen
POMPE DISEASE
The inner membrane have numerous folds
CRISTAE
The material within the inner membrane
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
Increase the surface area of cells and thus aid in absorption
MICROVILLI
4 Stages of Mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
The programmed death of cells
Apoptosis