Integumentary System

Question 1

Epithelial Membrane

Answer 1

It consists of epithelial tissue and the connective tissue to which it is attached. There are 3 main types: mucous membranes, cutaneous membranes, and serous membranes.

Question 2

Cutaneous Membrane

Answer 2

It is the technical term for our skin. Its primary role is to help protect the rest of the body’s tissues and organs from physical damage such as abrasions, chemical damage such as detergents, and biological damage from microorganisms.

Question 3

Mucous Membrane

Answer 3

It is the moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach). Glands in the mucous membrane make mucus (a thick, slippery fluid). Also called the mucosa.

Question 4

Serous Membrane

Answer 4

It is a mesothelial tissue that lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum. The peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are serous membranes.

Question 5

Serous Fluid

Answer 5

It is a clear-pale yellow watery fluid that is found in the body, especially in the spaces between organs and the membranes which line or enclose them (such as the heart and pericardium or abdomen and peritoneum), and that when occurring in large quantities is indicative of a pathological condition.

Question 6

Peritoneum

Answer 6

It is the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs.

Question 7

Pleura

Answer 7

It is each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals.

Question 8

Pericardium

Answer 8

It is the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.

Question 9

Synovial Membrane

Answer 9

It is a layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae (fluid-filled sacs between tendons and bones). The synovial membrane makes synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function.

Question 10

Skin

Answer 10

It is the largest organ in the body and covers the body’s entire external surface. It is made up of three layers, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, all three of which vary significantly in their anatomy and function.

Question 11

Integument

Answer 11

It is a tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant.

Question 12

Keratin

Answer 12

It is a protein that helps form hair, nails, and your skin’s outer layer (epidermis). It helps support your skin, heal wounds and keep your nails and hair healthy. There are 54 kinds of keratin in your body.

Question 13

Epidermis

Answer 13

It is the surface epithelium of the skin, overlying the dermis.

Question 14

Dermis

Answer 14

It is the thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true skin, containing blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures.

Question 15

Stratum Basale

Answer 15

Also known as stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer, separated from the dermis by the basement membrane (basal lamina) and attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes.

Question 16

Stratum Spinosum

Answer 16

Also known as the spinous layer/prickle cell layer, is a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. Their spiny appearance is due to the shrinking of the microfilaments between desmosomes that occurs when stained with H&E.

Question 17

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 17

Also known as the granular layer, is a thin layer of cells in the epidermis lying above the stratum spinosum and below the stratum corneum (stratum lucidum on the soles and palms). Keratinocytes migrating from the underlying stratum spinosum become known as granular cells in this layer.

Question 18

Stratum Lucidum

Answer 18

It is a smooth, seemingly translucent layer of the epidermis located just above the stratum granulosum and below the stratum corneum. This thin layer of cells is found only in the thick skin of the palms, soles, and digits.

Question 19

Stratum Corneum

Answer 19

It is the outermost layer of the epidermis and marks the final stage of keratinocyte maturation and development. Keratinocytes at the basal layer of the epidermis are proliferative, and as the cells mature up the epidermis, they slowly lose proliferative potential and undergo programmed destruction.

Question 20

Melanin

Answer 20

It is a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for the tanning of skin exposed to sunlight.

Question 21

Sebaceous Glands

Answer 21

It is a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair.

Question 22

Sebum

Answer 22

It is an oily substance produced in the sebaceous glands. It mixes with fat molecules, called lipids, to form a protective coating on the skin’s surface. These lipids help hydrate the skin and protect it from potentially harmful pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi.

Question 23

Eccrine Glands

Answer 23

It is a type of simple sweat gland that is found in almost all regions of the skin. These glands produce sweat that reaches the surface of the skin by way of coiled ducts (tubes). The body is cooled as sweat evaporates from the skin.

Question 24

Apocrine Glands

Answer 24

Also known as sweat glands, occur in the skin and eyelid. Most of the skin are in the armpits, the groin, and the area around the nipples of the breast. Apocrine glands in the skin are scent glands, and their secretions usually have an odor.

Question 25

Hair Follicles

Answer 25

It is a tube-like structure (pore) that surrounds the root and strand of a hair. Hair follicles exist in the top two layers of your skin. You’re born with over 5 million hair follicles in your body and over one million hair follicles on your head. As you age, hair grows out of your hair follicles.

Question 26

Arrector Pili

Answer 26

It is a tiny muscle that attaches to the base of a hair follicle at one end and to dermal tissue on the other end. In order to generate heat when the body is cold, the arrector pili muscles contract all at once, causing the hair to “stand up straight” on the skin.

Question 27

Athlete’s Foot

Answer 27

Also known as tinea pedis, is a fungal skin infection that usually begins between the toes. It commonly occurs in people whose feet have become very sweaty while confined within tight-fitting shoes. Signs and symptoms of this condition include an itchy, scaly rash.

Question 28

Boils and Carbuncles

Answer 28

A boil is a painful, pus-filled bump that forms under your skin when bacteria infect and inflame one or more of your hair follicles.
A carbuncle is a cluster of boils that form a connected area of infection under the skin. Boils (furuncles) usually start as reddish or purplish, tender bumps.

Question 29

Cold Sores

Answer 29

Also known as herpes labialis, is an infection with the herpes simplex virus around the border of the lips.

Question 30

Contact Dermatitis

Answer 30

It is an itchy rash caused by direct contact with a substance or an allergic reaction to it. The rash isn’t contagious, but it can be very uncomfortable. Many substances can cause this reaction, such as cosmetics, fragrances, jewelry, and plants. The rash often shows up within days of exposure.

Question 31

Impetigo

Answer 31

It, in general, is a mild infection that can occur anywhere on the body. It most often affects exposed skin, such as around the nose and mouth or on the arms or legs. Symptoms include red, itchy sores that break open and leak a clear fluid or pus for a few days.

Question 32

Psoriasis

Answer 32

It causes patches of thick red skin and silvery scales. Patches are typically found on the elbows, knees, scalp, lower back, face, palms, and soles of feet, but can affect other places (fingernails, toenails, and mouth). The most common type of psoriasis is called plaque psoriasis.

Question 33

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 33

It is a type of skin cancer that most often develops on areas of skin exposed to the sun, such as the face. On brown and Black skin, basal cell carcinoma often looks like a bump that’s brown or glossy black and has a rolled border. Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer.

Question 34

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 34

It is cancer that begins in cells that form the epidermis (outer layer of the skin). It usually occurs on areas of the skin that have been exposed to natural sunlight or artificial sunlight (such as from tanning beds) over long periods of time.

Question 35

Malignant Melanoma

Answer 35

It is a tumor produced by the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Melanocytes are derived from the neural crest; consequently, melanomas, although they usually occur on the skin, can arise in other locations where neural crest cells migrate, such as the gastrointestinal tract and brain.