Integumentary System Flashcards
the two major components of the integumentary system are
A) the cutaneous membrane and the accessory structures
B) the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer
C) the hair and nails
D) the dermis and the subcutaneous layer
A
beginning at the basement membrane and traveling toward the free surface, the epidermis includes the following strata
A) corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
B) granulosum, lucidum, spinosum, basale, corneum
C) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
D) granulosum, lucidum, spinosum, basale, corneum
C
each of the following is a function of the integumentary system EXCEPT
A) protection of underlying tissue
B) excretion of salts and wastes
C) maintenance of body temp
D) synthesis of vitamin c
D
exposure of the skin to UV radiation
A) can result in increased number of melanocytes forming in the skin
B) can result in decreased melanin production in melanocytes
C) can cause destruction of vitamin D3
D) can result in damage to the DNA of cells in the stratum basale
E) has no effect on skin cells
D
the two major components of the dermis are the
A) superficial fascia and cutaneous membrane
B) epidermis and subcutaneous layer
C) papillary layer and reticular layer
D) stratum basale and stratum corneum
C
the cutaneous plexus and subpapillary plexus consist of
A) blood vessles providing the dermal blood supply
B) a network of nerves providing dermal sensations
C) specialized cells for cutaneous sensations
D) gland cells that release cutaneous secretions
A
the accessory structures of the integument include the
A) blood vessel , glands, muscles, and nerves
B) tactile discs, lamellar corpuscles, and tactile corpuscles
C) hair, skin, and nails
D) hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
D
the portion of the hair follicle where cell divisions occur is the
A) shaft
B) matrix
C) root hair plexus
D) cuticle
B
the two types of exocrine glands in the skin are
A) eccrine and sweat glands
B) sebaceous and sweat glands
C) apocrine and sweat glands
D) sebaceous and eccrine glands
B
apocrine sweat glands can be controlled by
A) the autonomic nervous system
B) regional control mechanisms
C) the endocrine system
D) both a and c
D
the primary function of sensible perspiration is to
A) get rid of wastes
B) protect the skin from dryness
C) maintain electrolyte balance
D) reduce body temp
D
the stratum corneum of the nail root, which extends over the exposed nail, is called the
A) hyponychium
B) eponychium
C) lunula
D) cerumen
B
muscle weakness and a reduction in bone strength in the elderly result from decreased
A) a vitamin D3 production
B) melanin production
C) sebum production
D) dermal blood supply
A
in which layer(s) of the epidermis does cell division occur
stratum basale
what is the function of the arrector pili muscles
causes hairs to stand erect when stimulated
what widespread effects does epidermal growth factor (EGF) have on the integument
EGF promotes the divisions of basale cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum, accelerates the production of keratin in differentiating epidermal cells, stimulates both epidermal development and repair after injury, and stimulates secretory product synthesis and secretion by epithelial glands
what two major layers constitute the dermis, and what components are in each layer
papillary layer and the reticular layer. the papillary layer consists of areolar connective tissue and contains capillaries and sensory nerve fibers and receptors. the reticular layer consists of dense irregular connective tissue and bundles of collagen fibers.
both contain networks of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers.
list the four phases in the regeneration of the skin after an injury
bleeding and inflammation (inflammation phase), scab and granulation tissue formation (migration phase), loss of granulation and undermining of the scab (proliferation phase), and scarring (scarring phase)
the darker a person’s skin color
A) the more melanocytes she has in her skin
B) the more layers she has in her epidermis
C) the more melanin her melanocytes produce
D) the more superficial her blood vessels
C
in order for bacteria on the skin to cause an infection, they must accomplish all of the following EXCEPT
A) survive the bactericidal components of sebum
B) avoid being flushed from the surface of the skin by sweat
C) penetrate the stratum corneum
D) escape the dendritic cells
D
in an elderly person, blood supply to the dermis is reduced and sweat glands are less active. this combination of factors would most affect
A) the ability to thermoregulate
B) the ability to heal injured skin
C) the ease with which the skin is injured
D) the physical characteristics of the skin
E) the ability to grow hair
A
two patients arrive at the emergency department. one has cut his finger with a knife; the other has stepped on a nail. which wound has a greater chance of becoming infected? why?
the nail wound has a greater chance at becoming infected. the knife cut will bleed freely, washing many of the bacteria from the wound site, where oxygen is limited, and past the skins protective barriers
exposure to optimum amounts of sunlight is necessary for proper bone maintenance and growth in children
A) what does sunlight do to promote bone growth?
B) if a child lives in an area where exposure to sunlight is rare because of pollution or overcast skies, what can be done to minimize impaired maintenance and growth of bone?
A- UV radiation in sunlight converts a cholesterol related steroid compound into vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, necessary for normal bone maintenance and growth
B- the child can drink more milk, identified as vitamin D
one of the factors to which lie detectors respond is an increase in electrical skin conductance due to the presence of moisture. explain the physiological basis for the use of this indicator
sweating how lie detectors can tell when a person is lying. sweating from the eccrine sweat glands is precisely regulated, and one influencing factor is emotional state. someone taking a lie detector test might be nervous
many people change the natural appearance of their hair, either by coloring it or altering the degree of curl in it. which layers of the hair do you suppose are affected by the chemicals added during these procedures? why are the effects of the procedures not permanent?
the chemicals in hair dye breaks the protective covering of the cortex, allowing the dyes to stain the medulla of the shaft. dying isn’t permanent because the cortex remains damaged, allowing shampoo and uv rays from the sun to enter the medulla and affect the color.
contrast insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration
insensible perspiration is water loss by evaporation through the stratum corneum. sensible perspiration is produced by active sweat glands
in clinical practice, drugs can be delivered by diffusion across the skin. this is called transdermal administration. why are fat soluble drugs more suitable for transdermal administration than drugs that are water soluble?
fat soluble drugs can easily pass through the integument barrier to underlying connective tissue and enter the circulation. water soluble drugs are lipophobic and thus not ready to penetrate the integument
why is it important for a surgeon to choose an incision pattern according to the skin’s tension lines?
incisions along the tension lines are more likely to remain closed and heal quicker than incisions cut across the tension lines
the fibrous protein that is responsible for the strength and water resistance of the skin surface is
A) collagen
B) eleidin
C) keratin
D) elastin
E) keratohyalin
C
in our society, a tanned body is associated with good health. however, medical research constantly warns about the dangers of excessive exposure to the sun. describe how a tan develops and cite a benefit of minimal exposure to the sun
a tan develops when the skin is exposed to the sun, the tan is a result of synthesis of melanin in the skin. melanin helps prevent excessive skin damage by absorbing UV radiation before it reaches the deep layers of the epidermis and dermis. sunlight causes epidermal cells to convert cholesterol into cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), which is important for bone maintenance and growth
identify the layers of the epidermis
stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin on the scalp. so dandruff is composed of cells from which epidermal layer?
stratum corneum
a splinter that penetrates to the third layer of the epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer?
stratum granulosum
why does taking a bath cause wrinkly fingertips and toes?
constriction of blood vessels in the underlying skin, controlled by the autonomic nervous system
some criminals sand the tips of their fingers so as not to leave recognizable fingerprints. would this practice permanently remove fingerprints? why or why not?
this would not remove the fingerprints. the ridges of the fingerprints are constantly regenerated
name the sources of epidermal growth factor in the body
salivary glands and duodenal glands
identify some roles of epidermal growth factor related to the epidermis
promotes division of basal cells, accelerates the production of keratin, stimulates epidermal development and repair after injury, and stimulates synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands
describe the location of the dermis
located between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer
where are the capillaries and sensory nerve fibers that supply the epidermis located
papillary layer of the dermis
what accounts for the ability of the dermis to undergo repeated stretching
the presence of elastic fibers and the flexibility and resilience of skin turgo
list the two terms for the tissue that connects the dermis to underlying tissue
subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
describe the subcutaneous layer
a layer of loose connective tissue (areolar tissue) and adipose tissue below the dermis
identify several functions of subcutaneous fat
provides insulation to help reduce heat loss, serves as an energy reserve, and acts as a shock absorber for the body
name the two major pigments in the epidermis
melanin and carotene
why does exposure to sunlight darken skin
melanocytes in the epidermis and dermis synthesize the pigment melanin, darkening the skin
why does the skin of a fair skinned person appear red during exercise in hot weather
when skin gets warm, oxygenated blood gets diverted to the superficial dermis for the purpose of eliminating heat
explain the relationship between sunlight exposure and vitamin D3 synthesis
epidermal cells in the in the stratum spinosum and stratum basale convert a cholesterol related steroid compound into cholecalciferol, or vitamin D3
in some cultures, women must be covered completely, except for their eyes. explain why these women may develop bone problems later in life
UV light cannot penetrate the stratum basale in the skin when covered to begin vitamin D3 production, resulting in fragile bones
describe a typical strand of hair
keratinous strand produced by epithelial cells of the hair follicle
what happens when the arrector pili muscle contracts
goose bumps
once a burn on the forearm that destroys the epidermis and extensive areas of the deep dermis heals, will hair grow again in the affected area
the hair follicles are in the dermis. where the epidermis and deep dermis are destroyed, the hair will not grow.
identify two types of exocrine glands found in the skin
sebaceous (oil) glands and sweat glands
what are the functions of sebaceous secretions
to lubricate and protect the keratin of the hair shaft, lubricate and condition the surrounding, and inhibit the growth of bacteria
deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland
apocrine sweat glands
which type of skin gland is most affected by the hormonal changes that occur during puberty
apocrine sweat glands
what term describes the combination of fibrin clots, fibroblasts, and the extensive network of capillaries in healing tissue
granulation tissue
why can skin regenerate effectively even after considerable damage
cells of the stratum basale replace epithelial cells, and mesenchymal cells replace cells lost from the dermis
what substance makes fingernails hard
keratin
what term is used to describe the thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of a nail
hyponychium
where does nail growth occur
at the nail root
