Chapter 1 Review Questions Flashcards
anatomy
study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships
physiology
study of how living organisms preform their vital functions
anatomy and physiology are related because
anatomical info gives clues abt functions and physiology processes can be explained w/ anatomy terms. think structure defines function
gross anatomy
involves LARGE structures (macroscopic) can be seen with the unaided eye
microscopic anatomy
involves SMALL structures that human eyes can not see
what are specialties of physiology
cell, organ, systemic, pathological
why is it difficult to separate anatomy and physiology
because the structure and function of the body are closely related
what are the major organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male reproductive, female reproductive
name the levels of organization, simplest to most complex
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
what are the structures of the integumentary system
hair, skin, nails, sweat glands
what are the structures of the skeletal system
cone, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow
what are the structures of the muscular system
muscles, tendons
what are the structures of the nervous system
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
what are the structures of the endocrine system
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, tissues
what are the structures of the cardiovascular system
heart, blood, blood vessels
what are the structures of the lymphatic system
spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
what are the structures of the respiratory system
nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
what are the structures of the digestive
teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
what are the structures of the urinary
kidney, bladder, ureters, urethra
what are the structures of the male reproductive system
testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal glands, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
what are the structures of the female reproductive
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammy glands
at which level of organization does a histologist investigate structures
tissue level of organization
medical terminology
a special language that involves using roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combing forms to construct medical terms
eponym
commemorative name for a mythical person
what is the book that serves as the international standards for anatomical terms
terminologia anatomica (TA)
what is the purpose of anatomical terms
provide a standardized frame or reference for describing the human body
describe the anterior view and posterior view for a body in the anatomical position
an anterior view is seen from the front and posterior view is from the back
name 2 essential functions of the body cavities of the trunk
protect internal organs.
permits the organs to change in size and shape
describe the various body cavities of the trunk
thoracic cavity includes the pleural and pericardial cavities (encloses the lungs and heart). abdominopelvic cavity contains the peritoneal cavity (which contains the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity)
homeostasis
the existence of a stable internal environment
which mechanism of homeostatic regulation always involves the nervous or endocrine system
extrinsic regulation
why is homeostasis important to an organism
prevents potentially disruptive changes in the body’s internal environment
the study of the structure of tissues is called
histology
the increasingly forceful labor contractions during childbirth are an example of
positive feedback
failure of homeostatic regulation in the body results in
disease
a plane through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body into a superior and an inferior section is a
transverse section
which body cavity would enclose the heart
pericardial cavity
which body cavity would enclose the small intestine and large intestine
peritoneal cavity
which body cavity would enclose the lungs
pleural cavity
which body cavity would enclose the kidneys
abdominal (abdominopelvic) cavity
the mediastinum is the region between the
two pleural cavities
the two major body cavities of the trunk are the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
what distinguishes autoregulation from extrinsic regulation
autoregulation occurs when the activities of a cell change automatically when faced with an environmental change. extrinsic regulation results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system
describe the anatomical position
the body is erect, and the hands are at the sides w/ palms forward
which sectional plane could divide the body so that the face remains intact
frontal (coronal) plane
which of the following is NOT an example of negative feedback
A) increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressure
B) a rise in blood calcium levels triggers to release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium
C) a rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus
D) increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugar
C
explain the function of negative feedback systems
they provide long-term control over the body’s internal conditions
what happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down
organ systems function less efficiently, results in disease or death
explain how a positive feedback system works
it amplifies the effects of a stimulus
why is a positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temp
it would cause a slight fever to spiral out of control, with fatal results
equilibrium
constantly changing state in which two opposing forces are in balance
when the body continuously adapts by using homeostatic mechanisms, it is said to be in a state of __________ equilibrium
dynamic
the hormone insulin is released from the pancreas in response to an increased level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. if this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, what effect would insulin have on the blood glucose level
this hormone should decrease blood glucose, thus decreasing the stimulus for its own release
a stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted, causing brain cells to die. why might a stroke result in a rise or fall in normal body temp.
the hypothalamus lies in the brain, which controls body temp, this is why a stroke causes a change in body temp
