Integumentary System

Question 1

Blood flow through the superficial capillary beds of the dermis affects the color of skin and can provide important clues for diagnosing certain celinical conditions. Why would the skin be blue?

Answer 1

Cyanosis due to blood not carrying enough oxygen, circulation not sending adequate amount of blood through the lungs, or person stopped breathing

Question 2

Why does cyanosis happen

Answer 2

Oxygen carrying hemoglobin of blood appears bright red when carrying oxygen and purplish blue when not carrying oxygen

Question 3

Where is cyanosis most evident

Answer 3

Skin thin such as lips, eyelids, nails

Question 4

Why may you get erythema

Answer 4

Exposure to excess heart, infection, inflammation or allergic reactions cause the superficial capillary beds to become engorged

Question 5

Why may skin be yellow

Answer 5

Bilirubin builds up in the blood

Question 6

Is it easier to tell skin color changes in white people of black people

Answer 6

White

Question 7

Do skin incisions parallel or to tension lines or ones that cross tension lines heal better

Answer 7

Parallel! Uninterrupted fibers tend to retain the cut edges in place
Lacerations aacross tension lines disrupt more collagen fibers, which force hte wound to gape and may heal with excessive scaring (keloid )

Question 8

Surgeons tend to cut in parallel to tension lines except when

Answer 8

Unless something of greater importance like nerves

Question 9

Describe the dermis

Answer 9

Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis form a tough, flexible mesh work of tissue.the skin can distend a lot, so small incisions only necessary for surgery (as opposed to large one needed in embalmed cadaver)

Question 10

What happens with fast size increases, such as abdominal weight gain accompanying pregnancy

Answer 10

Stretch and damage collagen causing stretch markers

Question 11

What are stretch marks called during pregnancy and outside pregnancy

Answer 11

Pregnancy-L stria gravidarum
Outside-L striae cutis distensae-obese (hypercortisolism or cushing)

Question 12

Stretch marks occur along with distension and loosening of deep fascia. Why?

Answer 12

Protein breakdown leading to reduced cohesion between collagen fibers

Question 13

What is a laceration

Answer 13

Accidental cuts and skin tears are superficial or deep

Question 14

Superficial laceration

Answer 14

Epidermis and maybe superficial dermis

Question 15

Deep laceration

Answer 15

Penetrate the deep layer of the dermis , extending into subcutaneous tissue or beyond
Gape-suturing or stitches

Question 16

Causes of burns

Answer 16

Thermal trauma
UV or ionizing radiation
Chemical agents

Question 17

Superficial burn

Answer 17

Limited to epidermis
Sunburn
May get erythema, pain, swelling, desquamation (peel) several days later
Quickly repacked by basal layer of epidermis without scarring

Question 18

Partial thickness burn

Answer 18

Epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering or loss; nerve endings are damaged, making MOST PAINFUL; except for superficial parts, the sweat glands and hair follicles are not damaged and can provide the source of replacement cells for the basal layer of the epidermis along with cells from the edges of the wound
Slow healing-3 to four months
Scarring, contracture but usually complete

Question 19

Full thickness burns

Answer 19

Entire thickness of the skin is damaged and often the subcutaneous tissue ; edema and burned area is numb since sensory endings are destroyed ; need skin grafting ; dead material (Eschar) is removed and replaced (grafted) over the burned area with skin harvested

Question 20

4th degree burn

Answer 20

Damage extends through the entire thickness of the skin into underlying fascia, muscle, or bone; these injuries are life threatening

Question 21

What classifies a severe burn

Answer 21

20% or more of the body is covered
Complicated by trauma or inhalation injury
Or chemicals or high voltage electricity

Question 22

How can we estimate the surface area affected by a burn in an adult

Answer 22

Rule of 9s!
-body divided into areas each with 9% or multiples of 9%

Question 23

3 risk factors that increase risk of death from burn or injury

Answer 23

1-age older than 60
2-partial thickness and full thickness over 40% of body
3-presence f inhalation injury