Integumentary/Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Vascular Birthmarks
from blood vessels that have not formed correctly, are proliferating, or dilated.
Macular stains
salmon patch, angel kiss, stork bite: faint red mark on forehead, eyelid, posterior neck, nose, upper lip or posterior head.
Hemangiomas
strawberries: bright red papule, plaque or nodule of extra blood vessels
Port-wine stain
discoloration that looks like red wine spilled on an area. Usually on the face, neck, arms and legs. Typically grow as the child grows. Can darken and thicken over time.
Pigmented Birthmarks
cluster of pigmented cells that cause color in skin. Vary in color.
Café au lait
the color of coffee with milk, appear anywhere on the body and can increase in number as the child gets older.
Mongolian spots
flat bluish-gray patches on the lower back or buttocks, common in those with darker complexions.
Mole (nevi)
Large congenital nevi are more likely to develop into skin cancer and should be monitored.
Albinism
a condition that results in little to no melanin production. Affects skin, hair and iris of eyes.
Vitiligo
small patchy areas of hypopigmentation, melanocytes die or no longer form melanin.
Intrinsic aging
skin changes that are caused by the body’s natural aging process
Extrinsic aging
skin changes that are caused by exposure to environmental stressors.
Contact dermatitis
triggered by allergen
type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity
Atopic dermatitis
(eczema)
chronic inflammatory
elevated IgE
can be accompanied by asthma and allergic rhinitis
Urticaria
(hives)
type 1 cell-mediated hypersensitivity
often triggered by food or medication
Psoriasis
chronic, inflammatory that affects the life cycle of the skin cells, specifically keratinocytes. Cells proliferate quickly and cause thickening of the dermis and epidermis.
Acne Vulgaris
Pores are clogged with oil, debris or bacteria
Rosacea
More prevalent in fair-skin women.
First degree burn
superficial partial thickness
epidermis layer only
pain, erythema, edema
example: sunburn
Second degree burn
deep partial thickness
epidermis and part of the dermis
pain, erythema, edema, blistering
Third degree burn
full thickness
complete loss of all layers of skin
white or black charred skin that can be numb
Stage 1 pressure ulcer
intact skin
red, warm edema, hard, pain, non blanchable
Stage 2 pressure ulcer
loss of dermis
shallow open ulcer
Stage 3 pressure ulcer
full thickness
skin loss, subcutaneous fat may be visible
Stage 4 pressure ulcer
exposed bone, tendon, or muscle
Periosteum
layer of connective tissue that covers compact bone surfaces.
Synovial joints
most common
freely moveable
Amphiarthroses joints
slightly moveable
found in the vertebral column
Synarthroses joints
immoveable
found in the skull
skeletal muscles
voluntary muscles that connect to bone
smooth muscles
involuntary muscles that line walls of hollow organs and tubes; found in the eyes, skin, and glands
cardiac muscle
an involuntary muscle that comprises the heart
simple fracture
a single break with bone ends maintaining their alignment and position
complete fracture
broken into two or more separate pieces
incomplete fracture
partially broken
open fracture/compound fracture
skin is broke, and bone fragments or edges may be angled and protrude out of the skin. causes more damage to soft tissue and increases risk for infection
closed fracture
skin is intact
Compartment syndrome
a serious condition that results from increased pressure in a compartment, usually the muscle fascia in the case of fractures (pain and tissue damage)
Osteomyelitis
infection of bone tissue
osteonecrosis/avascular necrosis
death of bone tissue due to loss of blood supply
Fat embolism
fat enters the bloodstream, usually after a long bone fracture
Dislocations
separation of two bones at a joint
Sprains
injury to a ligament that often involves stretching or tearing of the ligament
Strains
injury to a muscle or tendon that often involves stretching or tearing of the muscle or tendon
Herniated intervertebral disk
protrusion of the nucleus pulpous through the annulus fibrosis.
osteoporosis
imbalance of bone reabsorption and bone formation
can occur due to multiple mechanisms that interact to either decrease in osteoblast activity or increase in osteoclast activity
osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease characterized by local deterioration or articulating cartilage
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic, autoimmune condition involving multiple joints
gout
inflammatory disease resulting from deposits or uric acid crystals in tissues and fluids
ankylosing spondylitis
progressive inflammatory disorder affecting the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, and costovertebral joints
Fibromyalgia
syndrome predominately characterized by widespread muscular pains and fatigue
does not affect joints
osteogenesis imperfecta
decreased amount of collagen in the bones
