Integumentary, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
Skin
an epithelial structure that protects the inner organs of the body from the environment and keeps body contents confined
Epidermis
the outermost layer of the skin
Keratin
a fiber-like protein that provides toughness to the cell and, therefore, to the skin
Dermis
provides both structural and nutritional support to the epidermis. the dermis consists of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
Hypodermis
subcutaneous layer that lies beneath the epidermal and dermal structures; composed primarily of fat, but it also contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue; stores fat, helps regulate body temperature, and supports the layers above it both structurally and nutritionally
Blood Vessels
Run throughout all areas of the skin, but especially the dermis; carry oxygen and nutrients directly to the dermis and indirectly to the epidermis
Motor Nerves
Control movement by stimulating muscles to contract and relax
Sensory Nerves
Carry sensory information, such as the sensation of touch, to the central nervous system
Integumentary System
Consists of skin and all its related structures like hair, paw pads, claws, hooves, horns, antlers, and skin glands
Hair
A nonliving structure partially composed of keratin; provides warmth, protects the skin from moisture, sunlight, and other damage, and gives some species distinctive markings for protective or reproductive purposes
Claw
A modified extension of the dermis and epidermis of the toe composed primarily of horny, or keratinized, epidermal tissue
Hoof
A specialized extension of horny epidermal tissue extending over the distal digit
Sebaceous Gland
Microscopic infoldings of the epidermis that are usually associated with hair follicles
Circulatory System
Provides transport operations throughout the body, a means of movement for a variety of substances through the body
Cardiovascular System
Carries blood and its associated cells and products through the body; consists of a network of arteries, capillaries, and veins
Lymphatic System
Consists of a network of vessels coursing throughout the body that carries fluid called lymph; comprises lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen
Heart
A large muscle that sits in the thoracic cavity and contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic fashion, creating a pumping action that forces blood to circulate throughout the body
Cardiac Pacemaker
Where the normal electrical impulses in the heart originate; electrical impulses that stimulate the heart muscle to contract
Systole
The contraction phase of the heartbeat that takes place as the current travels around the heart
Diastole
The phase during re-polarization where the cardiac muscle cells relax and the chambers enlarge and fill with blood
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward the cells of the body
Capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste materials between blood and the body’s cells
Veins
Carry blood from the body’s cells back toward the heart
Arterioles
The smallest form of artery, carry blood from the muscular arteries to the capillaries
Blood
A fluid vital to life; contains a fluid component (plasma) and blood cells
Plasma
The liquid portion of the blood after all the blood cells have been removed
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells; the most common type of blood cell and the primary means by which oxygen is transported throughout the body
Lymph
A protein-rich fluid that contains some lymphocytes but no other cells
Respiration
Provides the body with oxygen and removes certain waste gases from the body; comprised of external respiration and internal respiration
Upper Respiratory Tract
All anatomical structures of the respiratory tract that are outside of the lungs
Pharynx
The common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems
Larynx
Acts as the gatekeeper to the lower respiratory tract, preventing food and liquid from entering the airway; composed of cartilage plates of varying sizes covered with a layer of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Trachea
A series of rings of cartilage, connected by soft connective tissue to form a tube
Lungs
Primary organs of respiration
Respiratory Center
An area of nerve cells located in the brain’s medulla oblongata and pons
Pulmonary circulation
the blood supply that goes to the lungs so the blood can be oxygenated and rid itself of carbon dioxide
Arrector pili
muscles that work with hair follicles to create goosebumps
Neutrophils
Recognizes bacteria that invade the body as being foreign and attack the bacteria by engulfing it
Mesothelial Cells
epithelial cells that flatten into a single layer to cover the lungs along with a thin layer of elastic connective tissue
When the blood vessels in the skin constrict, the result is:
less heat loss, and a rise in blood pressure
Lymphocytes
regulate the immune system by recognizing and destroying foreign substances
Pericardial effusion
blocks the heart’s ability to expand and fill with blood as it relaxes
Inspiration
the active process of breathing in air
Panting
In animals that are unable to lower heat by sweating, the hypothalamus senses increased blood temperature, and then signals an area of the respiratory center to increase the rate of respiration, which increases the replacement of alveolar air with new, cooler air.
