INTEGUMENT AND SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

Name the 4 principal tissue types.

Answer 1

1. Epithelial tissues
2. Connective tissues
3. Muscular tissues
4. Nervous tissues

Question 2

Describe the characteristics of the epithelial tissues.

Answer 2

• cells are arranged to form covering sheets

* cells are predominant and intercellular substance is at a min.

Question 3

Describe the characteristics of the connective tissues.

Answer 3

• cells are far apart and separated by large quantities of intercellular substance
• varying quantities of fibers are present in the intercellular substance

Question 4

Describe the characteristics of the muscular tissues.

Answer 4

*cells are elongated

Question 5

Describe the characteristics of the nervous tissues.

Answer 5

• consists of cells, neurons, and neuroglia

Question 6

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

Answer 6

Protect underlying tissues subject to damage, drying out, and wear & tear

Question 7

What are the 2 functions of the connective tissue?

Answer 7

1. Packing and support material of the body

2. Repair injuries by forming scar tissue to join injured parts

Question 8

What is the function of the muscular tissue?

Answer 8

Contracts to enable movement of the body

Question 9

What is the function of the nervous tissue?

Answer 9

Conductivity

Question 10

What are the 3 different types of epithelial tissues and their functions?

Answer 10

1. Epithelium proper (true epithelium)
   - lining membrane of the body tracts that opens to the exterior
   - e.g digestive, respiratory, urogenital & endocrine glands
2. Mesothelium
   - serous lining membrane for large cavities of the body
   - slippery and lessens friction
   - e.g, pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
3. Endothelium
   - inner lining of walls of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and heart
   - reduces friction & helps prevent blood clotting

Question 11

What are the 6 different types of connective tissue and their functions?

Answer 11

1. Areolar connective tissue
   - fills empty spaces between structures
2. Adipose tissue
   - similar to areolar tissue, but laded w/ fat.
   - subcutaneous adipose tissue= superficial fascia
3. Dense connective tissue
   - mainly dense connective fiber that forms elongated strands
4. Cartilage
5. Bone
   - consists of connective tissue filled with a 1/3 of salts
6. Haemopoietic tissue
   - forms red & white blood cells
   - found in red marrow of long bones and also internal organs, e.g liver, spleen and lymph nodes

Question 12

What are the 5 exampes of dense connective tissue and their functions?

Answer 12

1. Tendon
   - tough cord made of white, inelastic fibers that attach muscles to bones by blending w/ periosteum
2. Ligaments
   - connects bone to bone
   - related to joints and maintains stability by restricting movement
3. Aponeuroses
   - sheet-like tendon that helps muscles gain more place of attachment
4. Deep fascia
   - fibrous sheet that intervenes between muscles and the superficial facia
5. Intermuscular septa
   - separates groups of muscles from each other

Question 13

What are the 3 types of cartilage and their functions?

Answer 13

1. Hyalin cartilage
   - intercellular substance with a “glass-like” appearance, e.g Adam’s apple
2. Fibrous cartilage
   - connective tissue fibers in the intercellular substance, e.g intervertebral discs
3. Elastic cartilage
   - found in the auricle of the external ear

Question 14

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue and their functions?

Answer 14

1. Skeletal muscle tissue
   - voluntary
   - thread-like
   - attached to the skeleton for fast and short contractions
2. Cardiac muscle tissue
   - involuntary
   - striated cells
   - rhythmatic contractions
3. Visceral muscle tissue
   - involuntary
   - spindle-shaped
   - slow and long contractions

Question 15

What are the 3 main components of the Central Nervous System?

Answer 15

1. CNS
2. PNS [nerve endings, peripheral nerves (cranial + spinal) ]
3. ANS

Question 16

Describe the Sensory Nervous System.

Answer 16

• Stimuli is detected by the afferent neurons and converted to nerve impulses
• Nerve impulses are conducted to the CNS and are carried by the afferent nerve fibers in the spinal nerves
• The efferent neurons carry the nerve impulse away from the CNS and bring about a reaction to the effector muscle through the efferent nerve fibers in the spinal nerves.

Question 17

What is a pleural effusion?

Answer 17

A collection of fluid abnormally present in the pleural space due to the production of excess fluid

Question 18

Define a dermatome and a myotome.

Answer 18

Dermatome: the unilateral area of skin that is supplied by a specific nerve.

Myotome: the unilateral area of skeletal muscles that are supplied by a specific nerve.

Question 19

Describe the embryonic development of the somites and the migration of the dermatome and myotome.

Answer 19

• Dermatome = dermis of the skin
• Myotome = skeletal muscles
• Sclerotome = segmented parts of the skeleton

Question 20

Name the 4 structures that belong to the integumentary system.

Answer 20

1. Skin
2. Hair
3. Nails
4. Mammary glands

Question 21

Describe the composition of the skin.

Answer 21

1. Epidermis
   * a superficial layer of stratified epithelium w/o blood vessels
   * supplied by the underlying dermis
   * nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and glandular tissue are modified epidermis
2. Dermis
   * underlying layer of connective tissue
   * thicker on dorsal than on ventral surfaces
   * dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers that provide skin tone
   * contains hair follicles, sweat glands, mammary glands, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, receptors.

Question 22

What are the 6 major functions of the skin?

Answer 22

1. Protection of the body
2. Containment of the body structures
3. Prevents dehydration
4. Heat regulation
5. Synthesis and storage of Vitamin D
6. Sensation by superficial nerves and their sensory endings

Question 23

Describe the blood supply to the skin.

Answer 23

• Arteries to the skin form plexuses in the dermis.
• Capillary vessels form from these plexuses
• They pass into the dermal papillae
• Sympathetic nerve fibers control the smooth muscles in the small arteries of the skin

Question 24

Define vasoconstriction.

Answer 24

Constriction of smooth muscles in the blood vessels of the skin resulting in reduced blood flow and cold, clammy skin.

Question 25

Define vasodilation.

Answer 25

Relaxation of the smooth muscles of the blood vessels of the skin, resulting in increased blood flow and flushed skin.

Question 26

Describe the nerve supply of the skin.

Answer 26

• Each dermatome receives a mixed nerve

Question 27

Describe the musculovenous pump and its importance in returning blood back to the <3 from the dependant limbs.

Answer 27

• Blood must move against gravity
• Intermuscular septa limit the expansion of the bellies of the contracting skeletal muscle
• Blood is pushed out as veins are compressed
• Valves within the veins only allow the blood to flow in one direction

Question 28

Describe the cleavage lines of the skin and explain their importance.

Answer 28

• Fibers in the dermis have prevailing directions in different regions of the body
• incisions // to the tension lines = faster healing; little scarring
• incisions across tension lines = longer healing time w/ excessive scarring

Question 29

Classify burns in order of severity.

Answer 29

1st Degree Burns:
/damage limited to the epidermis
/hot red skin, edema(swelling), peeling of superficial layer a few days later

2nd Degree Burns:
/epidermis + superficial dermis damaged
/nerve endings damaged
/hair follicles, sweat glands not damaged and provide replacement cells for basal layer

3rd Degree Burns:
/entire thickness of skin +muscle damaged
/edema and area is numb (nerve endings destroyed)
/requires skin grafting