INTEGUMENT AND SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
Name the 4 principal tissue types.
- Epithelial tissues
- Connective tissues
- Muscular tissues
- Nervous tissues
Describe the characteristics of the epithelial tissues.
- cells are arranged to form covering sheets
* cells are predominant and intercellular substance is at a min.
Describe the characteristics of the connective tissues.
- cells are far apart and separated by large quantities of intercellular substance
- varying quantities of fibers are present in the intercellular substance
Describe the characteristics of the muscular tissues.
*cells are elongated
Describe the characteristics of the nervous tissues.
- consists of cells, neurons, and neuroglia
What is the function of epithelial tissues?
Protect underlying tissues subject to damage, drying out, and wear & tear
What are the 2 functions of the connective tissue?
- Packing and support material of the body
2. Repair injuries by forming scar tissue to join injured parts
What is the function of the muscular tissue?
Contracts to enable movement of the body
What is the function of the nervous tissue?
Conductivity
What are the 3 different types of epithelial tissues and their functions?
- Epithelium proper (true epithelium)
- lining membrane of the body tracts that opens to the exterior
- e.g digestive, respiratory, urogenital & endocrine glands - Mesothelium
- serous lining membrane for large cavities of the body
- slippery and lessens friction
- e.g, pleura, pericardium, peritoneum - Endothelium
- inner lining of walls of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and heart
- reduces friction & helps prevent blood clotting
What are the 6 different types of connective tissue and their functions?
- Areolar connective tissue
- fills empty spaces between structures - Adipose tissue
- similar to areolar tissue, but laded w/ fat.
- subcutaneous adipose tissue= superficial fascia - Dense connective tissue
- mainly dense connective fiber that forms elongated strands - Cartilage
- Bone
- consists of connective tissue filled with a 1/3 of salts - Haemopoietic tissue
- forms red & white blood cells
- found in red marrow of long bones and also internal organs, e.g liver, spleen and lymph nodes
What are the 5 exampes of dense connective tissue and their functions?
- Tendon
- tough cord made of white, inelastic fibers that attach muscles to bones by blending w/ periosteum - Ligaments
- connects bone to bone
- related to joints and maintains stability by restricting movement - Aponeuroses
- sheet-like tendon that helps muscles gain more place of attachment - Deep fascia
- fibrous sheet that intervenes between muscles and the superficial facia - Intermuscular septa
- separates groups of muscles from each other
What are the 3 types of cartilage and their functions?
- Hyalin cartilage
- intercellular substance with a “glass-like” appearance, e.g Adam’s apple - Fibrous cartilage
- connective tissue fibers in the intercellular substance, e.g intervertebral discs - Elastic cartilage
- found in the auricle of the external ear
What are the 3 types of muscular tissue and their functions?
- Skeletal muscle tissue
- voluntary
- thread-like
- attached to the skeleton for fast and short contractions - Cardiac muscle tissue
- involuntary
- striated cells
- rhythmatic contractions - Visceral muscle tissue
- involuntary
- spindle-shaped
- slow and long contractions
What are the 3 main components of the Central Nervous System?
- CNS
- PNS [nerve endings, peripheral nerves (cranial + spinal) ]
- ANS
Describe the Sensory Nervous System.
- Stimuli is detected by the afferent neurons and converted to nerve impulses
- Nerve impulses are conducted to the CNS and are carried by the afferent nerve fibers in the spinal nerves
- The efferent neurons carry the nerve impulse away from the CNS and bring about a reaction to the effector muscle through the efferent nerve fibers in the spinal nerves.
What is a pleural effusion?
A collection of fluid abnormally present in the pleural space due to the production of excess fluid
Define a dermatome and a myotome.
Dermatome: the unilateral area of skin that is supplied by a specific nerve.
Myotome: the unilateral area of skeletal muscles that are supplied by a specific nerve.
Describe the embryonic development of the somites and the migration of the dermatome and myotome.
- Dermatome = dermis of the skin
- Myotome = skeletal muscles
- Sclerotome = segmented parts of the skeleton
Name the 4 structures that belong to the integumentary system.
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Mammary glands
Describe the composition of the skin.
- Epidermis
* a superficial layer of stratified epithelium w/o blood vessels
* supplied by the underlying dermis
* nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and glandular tissue are modified epidermis - Dermis
* underlying layer of connective tissue
* thicker on dorsal than on ventral surfaces
* dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers that provide skin tone
* contains hair follicles, sweat glands, mammary glands, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, receptors.
What are the 6 major functions of the skin?
- Protection of the body
- Containment of the body structures
- Prevents dehydration
- Heat regulation
- Synthesis and storage of Vitamin D
- Sensation by superficial nerves and their sensory endings
Describe the blood supply to the skin.
- Arteries to the skin form plexuses in the dermis.
- Capillary vessels form from these plexuses
- They pass into the dermal papillae
- Sympathetic nerve fibers control the smooth muscles in the small arteries of the skin
Define vasoconstriction.
Constriction of smooth muscles in the blood vessels of the skin resulting in reduced blood flow and cold, clammy skin.
Define vasodilation.
Relaxation of the smooth muscles of the blood vessels of the skin, resulting in increased blood flow and flushed skin.
Describe the nerve supply of the skin.
- Each dermatome receives a mixed nerve
Describe the musculovenous pump and its importance in returning blood back to the <3 from the dependant limbs.
- Blood must move against gravity
- Intermuscular septa limit the expansion of the bellies of the contracting skeletal muscle
- Blood is pushed out as veins are compressed
- Valves within the veins only allow the blood to flow in one direction
Describe the cleavage lines of the skin and explain their importance.
- Fibers in the dermis have prevailing directions in different regions of the body
- incisions // to the tension lines = faster healing; little scarring
- incisions across tension lines = longer healing time w/ excessive scarring
Classify burns in order of severity.
1st Degree Burns:
/damage limited to the epidermis
/hot red skin, edema(swelling), peeling of superficial layer a few days later
2nd Degree Burns:
/epidermis + superficial dermis damaged
/nerve endings damaged
/hair follicles, sweat glands not damaged and provide replacement cells for basal layer
3rd Degree Burns:
/entire thickness of skin +muscle damaged
/edema and area is numb (nerve endings destroyed)
/requires skin grafting
