Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Derm Exam 1 > Integument A&P, skin appendages > Flashcards

Integument A&P, skin appendages Flashcards

1
Q

The major function of skin

A

keep the body in homeostasis
● Provides boundaries for body fluids
● Protecting underlying tissue from microorganisms,
harmful substances, and radiation
● Modulates body temperature
● Synthesizes Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The skin is composed of 3 layers

A

● Epidermis
● Dermis
● Subcutaneous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 Layers of the epidermis

A
  1. Basal cell layer (stratum germinativum)
  2. Squamous cell layer (stratum spinosum)
  3. Granular cell layer (stratum granulosum)
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Cornified or horney layer (stratum corneum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It takes _____ for cells to migrate from basal
cell layer to the cornified layer

A

14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

A

● Deepest layer of epidermis (~1 cell thick)
● These basal cells are the primary location of mitotic
activity and give rise to cells of the outer epidermal
layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cell types found in the Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

A

○ Melanocytes (pigment producing cells)
○ Langerhans cells (immune cells)
○ Merkel cells (touch receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

● Layer of squamous cells 5-10 cells thick
● Proximal layers are round with round nuclei
but as cells progress distally they begin to
flatten
● Keratinization begins in this layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

● Layer of granular cells 3-5 cells thick
● Keratinocytes flatten out and organelles
begin to disintegrate (cells die as they move
farther away from the vasculature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Stratum Granulosum accumulates two types of granules

A

● Keratohyalin granules – help form keratin
in upper layers
● Lamellated granules – waterproofing
glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

● 3-5 layers of dead flattened keratinocytes
● Found in areas of thick skin
○ Palms of hands
○ Soles of feet
● Named for its “translucency”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

● Broad zone of 20-30 layers
● Flat, cornified cells (corneocytes; “dead”
keratinocytes) provide mechanical
protection to the underlying epidermis
layers (tough and waterproof)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Once they reach this layer
the cells have no nucleus and are “dead”

A

Stratum Corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Melanocyte

A

● Cells that produce a dark pigment called
melanin
● Melanin gives color to skin and protects it
from the sun’s UV rays
● In people with light skin, melanin can
accumulate in patches forming freckles,
age spots, or liver spots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Color of healthy skin depends on 4 pigments

A

Melanin
Keratin
Oxyhemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When hemoglobin loses oxygen it creates a darker and bluer pigment

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Merkel Cells

A

● Located in the deepest layer of the
epidermis
● Merkel cells contact nerve endings in
the dermis below and function as a
type of touch receptor
● Found in sensitive, hairless areas such
as the fingertips and lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

● Type of immune cells
○ Produced in the bone marrow
● Take up sentry-like positions in the epidermis, where they help cells of the immune system recognize potentially dangerous microorganism
and chemicals
● Found in all layers of the epidermis, but most common in the stratum spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Keratinocytes

A

● About 90% of the cells in the epidermis
● Produce a tough, fibrous protein called
keratin
● Keratin is the main structural protein of
the epidermis
● Provides many of the skin’s protective
properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dermis

A

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of epithelial tissue and
cushions the body from stress and strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Contains hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands,
lymphatic vessels and blood vessels

A

Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dermis is Divided into two areas

A

Papillary Region – superficial
area adjacent to the epidermis
Reticular Region – deep thicker
area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reticular Region

A

deep thicker area of the dermis
● Contains the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, roots of the hair, nails, receptors, and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Papillary Region

A

superficial area adjacent to the epidermis
Composed of loose areolar connective
tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

provide the dermis with a
“bumpy” surface strengthening the
connection between the two layers of
skin

A

Papillary Region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Composed of dense connective tissue, with collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers woven throughout it, giving the dermis its strength, extensibility, and elasticity
Reticular Region
26
Tattoo ink and stretch marks are held in the _____
dermis
27
Sebaceous Glands
● Produces sebum, an oily fatty substances, that is secreted onto the skin surface through the hair follicles ● These glands are present on all skin surfaces except the palms and soles ○ The oil functions to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair
28
2 main types of sweat glands
● Eccrine ● Apocrine
29
Eccrine sweat glands
● Widely distributed, open directly onto the skin surface ● Water based sweat production helps to control body temperature ● Heatstroke can occur if eccrine glands no longer function
30
Apocrine sweat glands
● Found in the axillary and genital regions ● Usually open into hair follicles ● Inactive until puberty ○ Responsible for adult and body odor ○ Stimulated by emotional stress
31
Modified Apocrine sweat glands
● Ceruminous glands (produce ear wax) ● Mammary glands (produce milk) ● Ciliary glands (in eyelids)
32
Eccrine Pathology
● Hyperhidrosis – pathological, excessive sweating ● Heat stroke – occurs if the eccrine glands are no longer functioning ● Miliaria rubra “prickly heat” – in hot environments the skin’s corney layer can expand due to sweat retention, blocking the ducts. The glands continue to produce building up sweat and rupturing the duc
33
Apocrine Pathology
● Osmidrosis – pathological, excessive body odor
34
Base of the Hair follicle anatomy
● The papilla contains blood vessels that nourish the growing hair ● The bulb produces the keratinocytes
35
Each hair follicle contains ______, a muscle that contracts in response to cold, fright, or other emotions
arrector pili
36
Blonde and red hair results from types of melanin that contain ______
sulfur and iron
37
When hair goes grey the melanocytes have aged and lost _____
the enzyme needed to produce melanin
38
Adults have two hair types
1. Vellus hair – short, fine hair Inconspicuous and relatively unpigmented 2. Terminal hair – coarser, thicker, more conspicuous, and usually pigmented (scalp hair and eyebrows)
39
Alopecia
(hair loss): The immune system mistakenly attacks the hair follicles damaging the bulb and preventing hair growth
40
Nail Pathology
● Healthy nail ● Ridged nail due to aging, micro-impacts, or vitamin deficiency ● Ingrowing nail ● Nail with psoriasis or fungus ● Nail trauma with bruising, white transverse ridges ● Birthmark, bruise, or melanoma
41
Hypodermis/subcutaneous area
Lies below the dermis Attaches the skin to underlying matrix (bone or muscle) as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves
42
Consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and elastin
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous/Adipose
43
The hypodermis contains ____% of body fat which pads and insulates the body
50
44
Skin of Color has an increased incidence of:
● Acne scarring ● Keloids ● Dermatosis papulosa nigra – fleshy raised bumps on the skin ● Dyschromia – discolorations producing uneven skin tones ● Vitiligo – loss of skin pigmentation resulting in white patches ● Pseudofolliculitis barbae “razor bumps” – occur when highly curved hairs grow back into the skin, causing itchy, painful bumps
45
Having a dark complexion reduces the risk of _____
sun damage
46
Causes of Systemic Pruritus
○ Uremia ○ Cholestasis ○ Polycythemia vera ○ Hyperthyroidism ○ Hodgkin’s lymphoma ○ HIV
47
“Itch/Scratch Reflex”
Originates within the skin’s nerve endings ● Heavily concentrated in the wrists and ankles
48
The sensation of pruritus is transmitted _____
through C fibers to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and then to the cerebral cortex via the spinothalamic tract, generating a reflex to scratch
49
Regardless of the cause, pruritus often is exacerbated by
● Skin inflammation ● Dry or hot conditions ● Skin vasodilation ● Psychological stressors
50
Pathophysiology of pruritus: 3 primary mechanisms
1. Histamine – usually in persons with urticaria and other allergic reactions 2. Serotonin – appears to play a key component, it occurs with several diseases i.e., polycythemia vera, uremia, cholestasis, lymphoma a. Identified because SSRIs are effective in treating many of these conditions 3. Cytokines – involved in atopic dermatitis, as well as other proinflammatory agents
51
UV light is also used to treat
● Rickets ● Psoriasis ● Eczema ● Jaundice
52
UVA light
● Long wavelength, less dangerous ● 95% of UV radiation reaching the Earth ● Can penetrate into deeper layers of skin ● Used in tanning beds ● Responsible for immediate tanning effect ● Contributes to skin aging and wrinkling
53
UVB Light
● Medium wavelengths, more dangerous ● Most filtered by the atmosphere ● Cannot penetrate beyond the superficial skin layers ● Responsible for sunburns and delayed tanning ● Enhances aging ● Significantly promotes the development of skin cancer
54
Significantly promotes the development of skin cancer
UVB light
55
UVC Light
● Short wavelength ● The most damaging ● Completely filtered by the atmosphere and does not reach Earth
56
Most damaging type of UV light
UVC
57
How does sunburn occur?
Skin cells are damaged by the absorption of energy from UV rays To compensate for this injury, the skin increases cutaneous blood supply to attempt to repair the damage. This contributes to the redness and heat
58
What is photoaging?
When the sun prematurely ages the skin; may lead to skin cancer
59
Signs of Photoaging
● Increased damage to elastin and collagen ● Wrinkling
60
UVB effect of photoaging
● Freckles ● Dark spots
61
A melanocytic nevus is a type of lesion that contains nevus cells (a type of melanocyte)
Mole
62
Two types of moles
● Congenital moles “birthmarks” = minor malformation or hamartoma ● Acquired moles = a form of benign neoplasm
63
Albinism
A congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of melanin production in the skin, hair, and eyes
64
Most cases of albinism are ______
autosomal recessive
65
UV radiation causes sunburns (damaging DNA) and increases the risk of three types of skin cancer
● Melanoma ● Basal-cell carcinoma ● Squamous cell carcinoma
66
Vitiligo pathophysiology
A loss of melanocytes that cause areas of skin depigmentation of varying sizes

Derm Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions