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Derm Exam 1 > Integument A&P, skin appendages > Flashcards

Integument A&P, skin appendages Flashcards

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1
Q

The major function of skin

A

keep the body in homeostasis
● Provides boundaries for body fluids
● Protecting underlying tissue from microorganisms,
harmful substances, and radiation
● Modulates body temperature
● Synthesizes Vitamin D

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2
Q

The skin is composed of 3 layers

A

● Epidermis
● Dermis
● Subcutaneous tissue

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3
Q

5 Layers of the epidermis

A
  1. Basal cell layer (stratum germinativum)
  2. Squamous cell layer (stratum spinosum)
  3. Granular cell layer (stratum granulosum)
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Cornified or horney layer (stratum corneum)
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4
Q

It takes _____ for cells to migrate from basal
cell layer to the cornified layer

A

14 days

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5
Q

Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

A

● Deepest layer of epidermis (~1 cell thick)
● These basal cells are the primary location of mitotic
activity and give rise to cells of the outer epidermal
layers

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6
Q

Cell types found in the Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

A

○ Melanocytes (pigment producing cells)
○ Langerhans cells (immune cells)
○ Merkel cells (touch receptors)

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7
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

● Layer of squamous cells 5-10 cells thick
● Proximal layers are round with round nuclei
but as cells progress distally they begin to
flatten
● Keratinization begins in this layer

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8
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

● Layer of granular cells 3-5 cells thick
● Keratinocytes flatten out and organelles
begin to disintegrate (cells die as they move
farther away from the vasculature)

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9
Q

The Stratum Granulosum accumulates two types of granules

A

● Keratohyalin granules – help form keratin
in upper layers
● Lamellated granules – waterproofing
glycolipids

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10
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

● 3-5 layers of dead flattened keratinocytes
● Found in areas of thick skin
○ Palms of hands
○ Soles of feet
● Named for its “translucency”

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11
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

● Broad zone of 20-30 layers
● Flat, cornified cells (corneocytes; “dead”
keratinocytes) provide mechanical
protection to the underlying epidermis
layers (tough and waterproof)

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12
Q

Once they reach this layer
the cells have no nucleus and are “dead”

A

Stratum Corneum

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13
Q

Melanocyte

A

● Cells that produce a dark pigment called
melanin
● Melanin gives color to skin and protects it
from the sun’s UV rays
● In people with light skin, melanin can
accumulate in patches forming freckles,
age spots, or liver spots

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14
Q

Color of healthy skin depends on 4 pigments

A

Melanin
Keratin
Oxyhemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin

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15
Q

When hemoglobin loses oxygen it creates a darker and bluer pigment

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

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16
Q

Merkel Cells

A

● Located in the deepest layer of the
epidermis
● Merkel cells contact nerve endings in
the dermis below and function as a
type of touch receptor
● Found in sensitive, hairless areas such
as the fingertips and lips

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17
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

● Type of immune cells
○ Produced in the bone marrow
● Take up sentry-like positions in the epidermis, where they help cells of the immune system recognize potentially dangerous microorganism
and chemicals
● Found in all layers of the epidermis, but most common in the stratum spinosum

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18
Q

Keratinocytes

A

● About 90% of the cells in the epidermis
● Produce a tough, fibrous protein called
keratin
● Keratin is the main structural protein of
the epidermis
● Provides many of the skin’s protective
properties

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19
Q

Dermis

A

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of epithelial tissue and
cushions the body from stress and strain

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20
Q

Contains hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands,
lymphatic vessels and blood vessels

A

Dermis

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21
Q

Dermis is Divided into two areas

A

Papillary Region – superficial
area adjacent to the epidermis
Reticular Region – deep thicker
area

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22
Q

Reticular Region

A

deep thicker area of the dermis
● Contains the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, roots of the hair, nails, receptors, and blood vessels

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23
Q

Papillary Region

A

superficial area adjacent to the epidermis
Composed of loose areolar connective
tissue

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24
Q

provide the dermis with a
“bumpy” surface strengthening the
connection between the two layers of
skin

A

Papillary Region

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25
Q

Composed of dense connective tissue, with
collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers woven
throughout it, giving the dermis its strength,
extensibility, and elasticity

A

Reticular Region

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26
Q

Tattoo ink and stretch marks are held in the _____

A

dermis

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27
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

● Produces sebum, an oily fatty substances, that is secreted onto the skin surface through the hair follicles
● These glands are present on all skin
surfaces except the palms and soles
○ The oil functions to lubricate and
waterproof the skin and hair

28
Q

2 main types of sweat glands

A

● Eccrine
● Apocrine

29
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

● Widely distributed, open directly
onto the skin surface
● Water based sweat production
helps to control body
temperature
● Heatstroke can occur if eccrine
glands no longer function

30
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

● Found in the axillary and genital regions
● Usually open into hair follicles
● Inactive until puberty
○ Responsible for adult and body odor
○ Stimulated by emotional stress

31
Q

Modified Apocrine sweat glands

A

● Ceruminous glands (produce ear wax)
● Mammary glands (produce milk)
● Ciliary glands (in eyelids)

32
Q

Eccrine Pathology

A

● Hyperhidrosis – pathological, excessive sweating
● Heat stroke – occurs if the eccrine glands are no
longer functioning
● Miliaria rubra “prickly heat” – in hot
environments the skin’s corney layer can expand
due to sweat retention, blocking the ducts. The
glands continue to produce building up sweat
and rupturing the duc

33
Q

Apocrine Pathology

A

● Osmidrosis – pathological, excessive body odor

34
Q

Base of the Hair follicle anatomy

A

● The papilla contains blood vessels that nourish
the growing hair
● The bulb produces the keratinocytes

35
Q

Each hair follicle contains ______, a
muscle that contracts in response to cold,
fright, or other emotions

A

arrector pili

36
Q

Blonde and red hair results from types
of melanin that contain ______

A

sulfur and iron

37
Q

When hair goes grey the melanocytes
have aged and lost _____

A

the enzyme needed to produce melanin

38
Q

Adults have two hair types

A
  1. Vellus hair – short, fine hair
    Inconspicuous and relatively
    unpigmented
  2. Terminal hair – coarser, thicker, more
    conspicuous, and usually pigmented
    (scalp hair and eyebrows)
39
Q

Alopecia

A

(hair loss): The immune system mistakenly
attacks the hair follicles damaging the bulb and
preventing hair growth

40
Q

Nail Pathology

A

● Healthy nail
● Ridged nail due to aging,
micro-impacts, or vitamin deficiency
● Ingrowing nail
● Nail with psoriasis or fungus
● Nail trauma with bruising, white
transverse ridges
● Birthmark, bruise, or melanoma

41
Q

Hypodermis/subcutaneous area

A

Lies below the dermis
Attaches the skin to underlying matrix
(bone or muscle) as well as supplying it
with blood vessels and nerves

42
Q

Consists of loose connective tissue,
adipose tissue, and elastin

A

Hypodermis/Subcutaneous/Adipose

43
Q

The hypodermis contains ____% of body
fat which pads and insulates the body

A

50

44
Q

Skin of Color has an increased incidence of:

A

● Acne scarring
● Keloids
● Dermatosis papulosa nigra – fleshy raised
bumps on the skin
● Dyschromia – discolorations producing
uneven skin tones
● Vitiligo – loss of skin pigmentation resulting
in white patches
● Pseudofolliculitis barbae “razor bumps” – occur when highly curved hairs
grow back into the skin, causing itchy, painful bumps

45
Q

Having a dark complexion reduces the risk of _____

A

sun damage

46
Q

Causes of Systemic Pruritus

A

○ Uremia
○ Cholestasis
○ Polycythemia vera
○ Hyperthyroidism
○ Hodgkin’s lymphoma
○ HIV

47
Q

“Itch/Scratch Reflex”

A

Originates within the skin’s nerve endings
● Heavily concentrated in the wrists and ankles

48
Q

The sensation of pruritus is transmitted _____

A

through C fibers to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and then to the cerebral cortex via the spinothalamic tract, generating a reflex to scratch

49
Q

Regardless of the cause, pruritus often is exacerbated by

A

● Skin inflammation
● Dry or hot conditions
● Skin vasodilation
● Psychological stressors

50
Q

Pathophysiology of pruritus: 3 primary mechanisms

A
  1. Histamine – usually in persons with urticaria and other allergic reactions
  2. Serotonin – appears to play a key component, it occurs with several diseases i.e., polycythemia vera, uremia, cholestasis, lymphoma
    a. Identified because SSRIs are effective in treating many of these conditions
  3. Cytokines – involved in atopic dermatitis, as well as other proinflammatory agents
51
Q

UV light is also used to treat

A

● Rickets
● Psoriasis
● Eczema
● Jaundice

52
Q

UVA light

A

● Long wavelength, less dangerous
● 95% of UV radiation reaching the Earth
● Can penetrate into deeper layers of skin
● Used in tanning beds
● Responsible for immediate tanning effect
● Contributes to skin aging and wrinkling

53
Q

UVB Light

A

● Medium wavelengths, more dangerous
● Most filtered by the atmosphere
● Cannot penetrate beyond the
superficial skin layers
● Responsible for sunburns and delayed
tanning
● Enhances aging
● Significantly promotes the development
of skin cancer

54
Q

Significantly promotes the development
of skin cancer

A

UVB light

55
Q

UVC Light

A

● Short wavelength
● The most damaging
● Completely filtered by the
atmosphere and does not reach Earth

56
Q

Most damaging type of UV light

A

UVC

57
Q

How does sunburn occur?

A

Skin cells are damaged by the absorption of energy from UV rays
To compensate for this injury, the skin increases
cutaneous blood supply to attempt to repair the damage. This contributes to the redness and heat

58
Q

What is photoaging?

A

When the sun prematurely ages the skin; may lead to skin cancer

59
Q

Signs of Photoaging

A

● Increased damage to elastin and collagen
● Wrinkling

60
Q

UVB effect of photoaging

A

● Freckles
● Dark spots

61
Q

A melanocytic nevus is a type of lesion that contains nevus cells (a type of
melanocyte)

A

Mole

62
Q

Two types of moles

A

● Congenital moles “birthmarks” = minor malformation or hamartoma
● Acquired moles = a form of benign neoplasm

63
Q

Albinism

A

A congenital disorder characterized by the
complete or partial absence of melanin
production in the skin, hair, and eyes

64
Q

Most cases of albinism are ______

A

autosomal recessive

65
Q

UV radiation causes sunburns (damaging DNA) and increases the risk of three types of skin cancer

A

● Melanoma
● Basal-cell carcinoma
● Squamous cell carcinoma

66
Q

Vitiligo pathophysiology

A

A loss of melanocytes that cause areas of skin
depigmentation of varying sizes

Derm Exam 1 (5 decks)

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