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RUSVM Histology > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integument includes:

A

Skin and epidermal derivatives

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2
Q

Examples of epidermal derivatives

A 
Foot pads, claws
Hooves, chestnuts
Anal sacs and glands
Mammary glands
Uropygial gland
Wattles, combs
Spurs, feathers
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3
Q

Functions of skin

A 
Protection
Prevent loss of water and electrolytes
Temperature regulation
Sensation
Elasticity (movement)
Immune function
Excretion
Calcium homeostasis
Energy storage
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4
Q

Functions of hair

A 
Insulation
Camouflage
Social display
Sense/protect
Sex recognition
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5
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis (papillary and reticular layer)
Subcutis (hypodermis)

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6
Q

Characteristics of the epidermis

A

Ectodermal origin
Avascular
Thick barrier

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7
Q

Characteristics of the dermis

A

Mesodermal origin
CT
Vascular and nervous
Supports epidermis

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8
Q

Characteristics of the subcutis (hypodermis)

A

Loose CT below dermis

not a part of the skin

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9
Q

Characteristics of think skin

A

thick epidermis
hairless (too thick)
Merocrine sweat glands
Ex: digital pads, muzzle

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10
Q

Characteristics of thin skin

A

Thin epidermis
Hair follicles with arrector pili
Sebaceous and sweat glands

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11
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Upward projections of superficial dermis. Increase area of contact between dermis and epidermis, and bring blood vessels closer to epithelium. Link with downward projections from the epidermis (pegs/ridges).

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12
Q

Where are dermal papillae and epidermal ridges found?

A

Areas subject to traction/stress
footpad, nasal planum, scrotum

*not in NL hair bearing skin

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13
Q

Principle component of the dermis

A

connective tissue

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14
Q

Papillary layer of the dermis

A

Loose CT
Type I, III collagen
Mast cells, macrophages, vessels, nerves
Dermal papillae are here

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15
Q

Reticular layer of the dermis

A

Dense, irregular CT
Type I collagen
Network of elastic fibers (skin elasticity)
Blood vessels, nerves

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16
Q

Types of cells in the epidermis (5)

A
  1. Keratinocytes (95% of cells in epidermis)
  2. Langerhans
  3. Merkel’s
  4. Melanocytes
  5. intraepithelial lymphocytes
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17
Q

Epidermal cell adherence factors

A

Desmosomes between cells

Hemidesmosomes attach basal cells to the basal lamina

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18
Q

Layers of the epidermis (5)

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (not present at all sites)
  5. Stratum corneum

*Baby Spiders Grow Little Chelicerae

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19
Q

Stratum basale

A

Layer closest to dermis, simple cuboidal cells
Cells held together by desmosomes
Rests on basal lamina (anchored by hemidesmosomes)
Mitotic activity!
May have melanocytes

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20
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Cuboidal or slightly flattened cells
# layers vary depending on thick/thin skin
Desmosomes and tonofilaments (spiny appearance)
Some capacity for division

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21
Q

Stratum granulosum

A 
3-5 layers of flattened cells
Keratohyalin granules stain purple
Lamellar granules (EM) form waterproof sheets (intercellular cement.
No mitotic activity!
Last living layer, but no cell division
22
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Translucent layer in thick skin only
Many keratin filaments and desmosomes
Dead cells, no organelles
Cytoplasm contains eleidin (protein related to keratin - stains pink)

23
Q

Stratum corneum

A

15-20 layers thick depending on location
Cells consist of keratin (water resistant protection)
Horny cells (giggity) thicker membrane, exterior lipid matrix “bricks and mortar”.
Cells continually shed at surface.

24
Q

Keratinization

A

Process by which keratinocytes differentiate.
Cells moving from stratum basale to corneum.
21 days in dogs

25
Q

Cornification

A

Production of stratum corneum by terminal epidermal differentiation

26
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Epidermal non-keratinocyte
Intra-epidermal macrophages
Immunological reactions - stimulate lymphocytes
Found in Stratum basale, spinosum

27
Q

Merkel’s cells

A

In thick skin near stratum basale
Sensory mechanoreceptors for cutaneous sensation or
diffuse neuroendocrine system
Free nerve endings

28
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment - melanin - transfers to keratinocytes
Protects cells from UV radiation
Needs tyrosinase to make melanin!
Stable, found in stratum basale

29
Q

What disease is more common in animals with less melanin?

A

skin cancer from UV exposure

30
Q

Melanin

A

Made by melanocytes using tyrosinase

Absorbs UV radiation, controls free radicals

31
Q

2 Types of melanin

A

Eumelanin - most common. Brown/black

Pheomelanin - red-brown polymer responsible for red hair and freckles

32
Q

What happens if tyrosinase is not present in the epidermis?

A

Melanocytes are unable to make melanin, resulting in an albino animal

33
Q

Sensory nerves of the dermis (4)

A

Nociceptors - free nerve endings to granulosum - [pain, itch, temperature

Meissner’s corpuscles - encapsulated nerve ending
Pacinian corpuscles - encapsulated nerve ending
Ruffini corpuscles - encapsulated - sense stretching

34
Q

Hair follicles

A

Epidermal invaginations with glassy membrane (thick basement).
Hair:
Medulla - loose cuboidal cells
Cortex - dense, compact keratinized. Parallel to shaft.
Cuticle - single layer of flat, keratinized cells (shine)

*Pattern of cuticle and medulla is specific for each species

35
Q

Dermal papillae of hair follicle

A

Within bulb. Carries blood supply to cells of the hair.

Hair matrix cells comparable to stratum basale

36
Q

Parts of root sheath of hair follicle

A

External glassy membrane - basal lamina. Outside external root sheath.
External root sheath - continuous with epidermis
Internal root sheath - few layers of squamous cells
Cuticle - inside internal root sheath. Overlapping keratinized cells, with free edges oriented toward hair bulb

37
Q

Primary hair follicles

A

Large diameter
Deep in dermis
Sebaceous glands, arrector pili, sweat glands
Primary/guard hair

38
Q

Secondary hair follicles

A

Smaller diameter
Nearer to surface
Can have sebaceous gland but no arrector or sweat
Secondary/under hairs

39
Q

Compound hair follicle

A

Several hair follicles merge at level of sebaceous gland and emerge through one pore.
Usually have one primary follicle and several secondary follicles.

40
Q

Sinus/Tactile hair

A

Whiskers. Heavy innervation surrounding follicle. Venus sinuses.

41
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Produce sebum
holocrine secretion
antibacterial/waterproofing
Ducts empty into follicle or skin surface

42
Q

Uropygial gland

A

Preen gland, well developed in many water birds (ducks)

43
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Apocrine secretion
located throughout most of the skin
communication/marking/smell
found where hair is

*Also: mammary, glands of moll (make tears), anal sac, ceruminous (ear wax)

44
Q

Merocrine sweat glands

A

merocrine secretion
open directly onto skin surface
minor in domestic animals
thermoregulation and electrolyte balance

45
Q

Latherin

A

non-glycosylated protein in sweat produced by horses for thermoregulation

46
Q

How do dogs thermoregulate?

A

Not through sweat!

Merocrine glands in foot pads produce watery secretion.

47
Q

Functions of apocrine glands in hair follicles in DOGS

A

Seal outer layer of dermis

Secrete pheromones/distinct body odor

48
Q

What kind of glands supply anal sacs in dogs?

A

Perianal sebaceous and apocrine glands

49
Q

Hooves and claws characteristics

A

Modifications of skin
Variation of stratum corneum
Highly vascular dermis underneath
NO stratum granulosum/lucidum

50
Q

2 main layers of the hoof

A

Outer epidermis - not vascular/sensitive

Dermis/laminar corium - vascular/sensitive

51
Q

Epidermal layers of the hoof

A
  1. Stratum tectorium/externum - external layer is “glaze”. Continuation of perioplic epidermis
  2. Stratum medium - main supportive layer. Tubular and intertubular horn produced by stratum basale and spinosum of coronary groove.
  3. Stratum lamellatum/internum - lamellar horn. Insensitive lamellae.
52
Q

Dermis of the hoof

A

Laminar corium - sensitive lamellae

RUSVM Histology (6 decks)

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